NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction The Argumentative Indian

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NCERT Book for Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 5 The Argumentative Indian

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Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 5 The Argumentative Indian NCERT Book Class 12

 

The Argumentative Indian

Prolixity is not alien to us in India. We are able to talk at some length. Krishna Menon’s* record of the longest speech ever delivered at the United Nations (nine hours non-stop), established half a century ago (when Menon was leading the Indian delegation), has not been equalled by anyone from anywhere. Other peaks of loquaciousness have been scaled by other Indians. We do like to speak.

This is not a new habit. The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which are frequently  compared with the Iliad and the Odyssey, are colossally longer than the works that the modest Homer could manage. Indeed, the Mahabharata alone is about seven times as long as the Iliad and the Odyssey put together. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are certainly great epics: I recall with much joy how my own life was vastly enriched when I encountered them first as a restless youngster looking for intellectual stimulation as well as sheer entertainment. But they proceed from stories to stories woven around their principal tales, and are engagingly full of dialogues, dilemmas and alternative perspectives. And we encounter masses of arguments and counterarguments spread over incessant debates and disputations.

Dialogue and Significance

The arguments are also, often enough, quite substantive. For example, the famous Bhagavad Gita, which is one small section of the Mahabharata, presents a tussle between two contrary moral positions —Krishna’s emphasis on doing one’s duty, on one side, and Arjuna’s focus on avoiding bad consequences (and generating good ones), on the other. The debate occurs on the eve of the great war that is a central event in the Mahabharata. Watching the  two armies readying for war, profound doubts about the correctness of what they are doing are raised by Arjuna, the peerless and invincible warrior in the army of the just and honourable royal family (the Pandavas) who are about to fight the unjust usurpers (the Kauravas).

Arjuna questions whether it is right to be concerned only with one’s duty to promote a just cause and be indifferent to the misery and the slaughter—even of one’s kin—that the war itself would undoubtedly cause. Krishna, a divine incarnation in the form of human being (in fact, he is also Arjuna’s charioteer), argues against Arjuna. His response takes the form of articulating principles of action— based on the priority of doing one’s duty—which have been repeated again and again in Indian philosophy. Krishna insists on Arjuna’s duty to fight, irrespective of his evaluation of the consequences. It is a just cause, and, as a warrior and a general on whom his side must rely, Arjuna cannot waver from his obligations, no matter what the consequences are.

Krishna’s hallowing of the demands of duty wins the argument, at least as seen in the religious perspective. Indeed, Krishna’s conversations with Arjuna, the Bhagavad Gita, became a treatise of great theological importance in Hindu philosophy, focusing particularly on the ‘removal’ of Arjuna’s doubts. Krishna’s moral position has also been eloquently endorsed by many philosophical and literary commentators across the world, such as Christopher Isherwood and T. S. Eliot. Isherwood in fact translated the Bhagavad Gita into English. This admiration for the Gita, and for Krishna’s arguments in particular, has been a lasting phenomenon in parts of European culture. It was spectacularly praised in the early nineteenth century by Wilhelm von Humboldt as ‘the most beautiful, perhaps the only true philosophical song existing in any known tongue’. In a poem in Four Quartets, Eliot summarises Krishna’s view in the form of an admonishment: ‘And do not think of the fruit of action! Fare forward’. Eliot explains: ‘Not fare well/But fare forward, voyagers’.

And yet, as a debate in which there are two reasonable sides, the epic Mahabharata itself presents, sequentially, each of the two contrary arguments with much care and sympathy. Indeed, the tragic desolation that the postcombat and post-carnage land—largely the Indo-Gangetic plain—seems to face towards the end of the Mahabharata can even be seen as something of a vindication of Arjuna’s profound doubts. Arjuna’s contrary arguments are not really vanquished, no matter what the ‘message’ of the Bhagavad Gita is meant to be. There remains a powerful case for ‘faring well’, and not just ‘forward’.*

J. Robert Oppenheimer, the leader of the American team that developed the ultimate ‘weapon of mass destruction’ during the Second World War, was moved to quote Krishna’s words (‘I am become death, the destroyer of worlds’) as he watched, on 16 July 1945, the awesome force of the first nuclear explosion devised by man. Like the advice that Arjuna had received about his duty as a warrior fighting for a just cause, Oppenheimer, the physicist, could well find justification in his technical commitment to develop a bomb for what was clearly the right side. Scrutinizing—indeed criticising—his own actions, Oppenheimer said later on: ‘When you see something that is technically sweet, you go ahead and do it and you argue about what to do about it only after you have had your technical success.’ Despite that compulsion to ‘fare forward’, there was reason also for reflecting on Arjuna’s concerns: How can good come from killing so many people? And why should I seek victory, kingdom or happiness for my own side?

These arguments remain thoroughly relevant in the contemporary world. The case for doing what one sees as one’s duty must be strong, but how can we be indifferent to the consequences that may follow from our doing what we take to be our just duty? As we reflect on the manifest problems of our global world (from terrorism, wars and violence to epidemics, insecurity and gruelling poverty), or on India’s special concerns (such as economic development, nuclear confrontation or regional peace), it is important to take on board Arjuna’s consequential analysis, in addition to considering Krishna’s arguments for doing one’s duty. The univocal ‘message of the Gita’ requires supplementation by the broader argumentative wisdom of the Mahabharata, of which the Gita is only one small part.

Gender, Caste and Voice

There is, however, a serious question to be asked as to whether the tradition of arguments and disputations has been confined to an exclusive part of the Indian population—perhaps just to the members of the male elite. It would, of course, be hard to expect that argumentational participation would be uniformly distributed over all segments of the population, but India has had deep inequalities along the lines of gender, class, caste and community (on which more presently). The social relevance of the argumentative tradition would be severely limited if disadvantaged sections were effectively barred from participation. The story here is, however, much more complex than a simple generalisation can capture. I begin with gender. There can be little doubt that men have tended, by and large, to rule the roost in argumentative moves in India. But despite that, the participation of women in both political leadership and intellectual pursuits has not been at all negligible. This is obvious enough today, particularly in politics. Indeed, many of the dominant political parties in India—national as well as regional—are currently led by women and have been so led in the past. But even in the national movement for Indian independence, led by the Congress Party, there were many more women in positions of importance than in the Russian and Chinese revolutionary movements put together. It is also perhaps worth noting that Sarojini Naidu, the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, was elected in 1925, fifty years earlier than the election of the first woman leader of a major British political party (Margaret Thatcher in 1975).* The second woman head of the Indian National Congress, Nellie Sengupta, was elected in 1933.

 

Understanding the Text

1. What is Sen’s interpretation of the positions taken by Krishna and Arjuna in the debate between them? [Note Sen’s comment: ‘Arjuna’s contrary arguments are not really vanquished... There remains a powerful case for ‘faring well’ and not just ‘faring forward’.]

2. What are the three major issues Sen discusses here in relation to India’s dialogic tradition?

3. Sen has sought here to dispel some misconceptions about democracy in India. What are these misconceptions?

4. How, according to Sen, has the tradition of public discussion and interactive reasoning helped the success of democracy in India?


Talking about the Text

1. Does Amartya Sen see argumentation as a positive or a negative value?

2. How is the message of the Gita generally understood and portrayed? What change in interpretation does Sen suggest?


Appreciation

This essay is an example of argumentative writing. Supporting statements with evidence is a feature of this kind of writing. For each of the statements given below state the supportive evidence provided in the essay

  (i) Prolixity is not alien to India.

  (ii) The arguments are also, often enough, substantive.

  (iii) This admiration for the Gita, and Krishna’s arguments in particular, has been a lasting phenomenon.

  (iv) There remains a powerful case for ‘faring well’, and not just ‘forward’.

 

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 12 English Non-Fiction The Argument Indian

Flamingo Chapter 01 The Last Lesson
NCERT Class 12 English The Last Lesson
Flamingo Chapter 02 Lost Spring
NCERT Class 12 English Lost Spring
Flamingo Chapter 03 Deep Water
NCERT Class 12 English Deep Water
Flamingo Chapter 04 The Rattrap
NCERT Class 12 English The Rattrap
Flamingo Chapter 05 Indigo
NCERT Class 12 English Indigo
Flamingo Chapter 06 Poets and Pancakes
NCERT Class 12 English Poets and Pancakes
Flamingo Chapter 07 The Interview
NCERT Class 12 English The Interview
Flamingo Chapter 08 Going Places
NCERT Class 12 English Going Places
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 01 My Mother at Sixty six
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry My Mother at Sixty six
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 02 An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 03 Keeping Quiet
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Keeping Quiet
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 04 A Thing of Beauty
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry A Thing of Beauty
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 05 A Roadside Stand
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry A Roadside Stand
Flamingo Poetry Chapter 06 Aunt Jennifers Tigers
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Aunt Jennifers Tigers
Kaleidoscope Drama Chapter 01 Chandalika
NCERT Class 12 English Drama Chandalika
Kaleidoscope Drama Chapter 02 Broken Images
NCERT Class 12 English Drama Broken Images
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 01 Freedom
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction Freedom
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 02 The Mark on The Wall
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction The Mark on The Wall
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 03 Film Making
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction Film Making
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 04 Why The Novel Matters
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction Why The Novel Matters
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 05 The Argumentative Indian
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction The Argumentative Indian
Kaleidoscope Non Fiction Chapter 06 On Science Fiction
NCERT Class 12 English Non Fiction On Science Fiction
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 01 A Lecture Upon the Shadow
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry A Lecture Upon the Shadow
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 02 Poems By Milton
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Poems By Milton
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 03 Poems By Blake
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Poems By Blake
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 04 Kubla Khan
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Kubla Khan
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 05 Trees
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Trees
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 06 The Wild Swans at Coole
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry The Wild Swans at Coole
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 07 Time and Time Again
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Time and Time Again
Kaleidoscope Poetry Chapter 08 Blood
NCERT Class 12 English Poetry Blood
Kaleidoscope Short Stories Chapter 01 I Sell my Dreams
NCERT Class 12 English I Sell my Dreams
Kaleidoscope Short Stories Chapter 02 Eveline
NCERT Class 12 English Eveline
Kaleidoscope Short Stories Chapter 03 A Wedding in Brownsville
NCERT Class 12 English A Wedding in Brownsville
Kaleidoscope Short Stories Chapter 04 Tomorrow
NCERT Class 12 English Tomorrow
Kaleidoscope Short Stories Chapter 05 One Centimetre
NCERT Class 12 English One Centimetre
Vistas Chapter 01 The Third Level
NCERT Class 12 English The Third Level
Vistas Chapter 02 The Tiger King
NCERT Class 12 English The Tiger King
Vistas Chapter 03 Journey to the end of the Earth
NCERT Class 12 English Journey to the end of the Earth
Vistas Chapter 04 The Enemy
NCERT Class 12 English The Enemy
Vistas Chapter 05 Should Wizard Hit Mommy
NCERT Class 12 English Should Wizard Hit Mommy
Vistas Chapter 06 On the Face of It
NCERT Class 12 English On The Face Of It
Vistas Chapter 07 Evans Tries an O Level
NCERT Class 12 English Evans Tries An O Level
Vistas Chapter 08 Memories of Childhood
NCERT Class 12 English Memories Of Childhood

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