CBSE Class 12 Psychology Self And Personality Worksheet

Question. What is self? How does the Indian notion of self differ from the Western notion?
Answer. Self refers to the totality of an individual’s conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings with regard to himself or herself. A newly born child has no idea about his self. As a child grows older, the idea of self emerges and its formation begins. Parents, peer group and teachers help in formation of self. Our interaction with other people, our experiences, and the meaning we give to them, serve as the basis of our self.
Many aspects of self are linked with the characteristic features of the culture in which one lives. Analysis of self in Indian cultural context shows many features that are distinct from those found in the Western cultural context. Western cultures are characterized as individualistic, with rigid boundaries between self and others whereas Asian cultures are characterized as collectivistic with flexible boundaries between self and others.

Question. What is meant by delay of gratification? Why is it considered important for adult development?
Answer. Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control. For example, fasting in vrata or roza. Many situations of life require resistance to situational pressures and control over ourselves. This becomes possible through what is commonly known as ‘will power’. As human beings we can control our behaviour the way we want. Self-control plays a key role in the fulfilment of long-term goals and hence is important in adult development.

Question. How does Freud explain the structure of personality?
Answer. According to Freud, there are three structural elements of personality:
(i) Id – It deals with immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. It is based on the pleasure principle in which people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. For example, a boy who wants an ice-cream cone,will grab the cone and eat it.
(ii) Ego – It grows out of id and seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality. It works on the reality principle. For example, a boy who wants an ice-cream cone, will ask for permission to eat the cone.
(iii) Superego – The superego tells the id and ego whether gratification in a particular instance is ethical. It is the administrative division of personality. For example, a boy who wants an ice-cream cone, his superego will indicate whether his behaviour is morally correct. Obtaining the ice-cream cone will create guilt, fear or anxiety in the boy.
Unconscious is composed of these three competing forces. In some people, the id is stronger while in others it is the superego. The relative strength of the id, ego and superego determines each person’s stability. The instinctual life force that energizes the id is called libido. It works on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.

Question. How would Horney’s explanation of depression be different from that of Alfred Adler?
Answer. Karen Horney criticized Freud’s theory in his treatment of women as inferior. She claimed that women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors. She argued that psychological disorders such as depression were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood. Indifferent, discouraging and erratic behaviour of parents makes the child feel insecure and basic anxiety results. If parents are indifferent or dominant or show too much or too little approval, children feel isolated and helpless which interfere with their healthy development.
Alfred Adler is known as Individual psychology in which he assumes that human behaviour is purposeful and goal-directed. Our personal goals are the sources of our motivation. In Adler’s view every individual suffers from the feelings of inadequacy and guilt, i.e. inferiority complex which arise from childhood. Overcoming this complex is essential for optimal personality development and if this complex is not overcome, it might result in psychological disorders such as depression.

Question. Discuss the main observational methods used in personality assessment. What problems do we face in using these methods?
Answer. This involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomenon occurring in a natural situation. This can be participant or non-participant in nature. For example, observing mother-child interactions. The limitations of the observation method are:
(i) This requires a professionally trained psychologist.
(ii) The psychologist should be matured to conduct the observations.
(iii) The mere presence of the observer may contaminate the results.
(iv) Daily routine life events are ignored or unnoticed in the process of observation.
(v) Events observed are subject to bias due to feelings of the observer.

Question. Explain how projective techniques assess personality. Which projective tests of personality are widely used by psychologists?
Answer. Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or an ambiguous situation will allow the individual to project his/her feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. The projective tests widely used by psychologists are:
(i) Rorschach Inkblot
(ii) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(iii) Rosenzweig’s Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study)
(iv) Sentence Completion
(v) Draw-a Person Test

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality  Objective Type Questions 

Question.  _____________ refers to those attributes of a person that make him/her different from others.
Answer. Personal identity

Question. Aspects of a person that link him to social or cultural group are referred to as_____________ identity.
Answer. Social

Question. Value judgment of a person about himself/herself is called _____________.
Answer. Self-esteem

Question. A student who believes that he has the ability to excel in sports demonstrates high_____________.
(a) Self regulation
(b) Self efficacy
(c) Self esteem
(d) Self confidence
Answer. B

Question. The procedure to monitor and reduce psychological aspects of stress is called_____________.
Answer. Self-regulation

Question. Delay of gratification is an example of self control. (True/False)
Answer. True

Question. Checking one’s own impulses and managing oneself is _____________
(a) discretion
(b) caution
(c) self-control
(d) prudence
Answer. C

Question. _____________ is a biologically based characteristic way to reacting.
Answer. Temperament

Question. Tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular way is often termed as_____________.
Answer. Disposition

Question. Who among the following psychologists divided all personalities into introverts and extroverts?
(a) Freud
(b) Carl Jung
(c) Adler
(d) Erikson
Answer. B

Question. _____________ personality are more susceptible to problems like coronary heart disease.
Answer. Type A

Question.Individuals having high motivation, lacking patience and are always in a hurry are characterised as Type _____________ personality. 
Answer. A

Question. Type-D personality is characterised by proneness to _____________.
Answer. Depression

Question. Type _____________ personality is more prone to depression:
(a) Type A
(b) Type B
(c) Type C
(d) Type D
Answer. D

Question. _____________ is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting. 
Answer. Defence mechanism

Question. In _____________ defence mechanism people attribute their own traits to others.
Answer. Projection

Question. Priya exhibits strong aggressive tendencies but often complains of other people acting in an excessively aggressive way. Identify the defence mechanism.
(a) Rationalisation
(b) Reaction formation
(c) Denial
(d) Projection
Answer. D

Question. In _____________ form of defence mechanism, the person tries to make unreasonable behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable. 
Answer. Rationalization

Question. An individual is rejected in a job interview, he claims that his present job is better. He is using _____________
(a) Projection
(b) Regression
(c) Reaction formation
(d) Rationalisation
Answer. D

Question. Attributing one’s own traits to others is known as rationalization. (True/False)
Answer. False

Question. The male child experiences _____________ which involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father.
Answer. Oedipus complex

Question. Oedipus complex involves love for _____________. (father/mother)
Answer. Mother

Question. The children develop sexual feelings towards parents of opposite sex. Freud called these thoughts and feelings in boys the
(a) electra complex
(b) oedipus complex
(c) fixation
(d) identification
Answer. B

Question. A person’s resolution of problems at any stage of development less than adequate demonstrates regression. (True/False)
Answer. True

Question. _____________ takes a person back to an earlier stage
(a) Fixation
(b) Repression
(c) Regression
(d) Reaction formation
Answer. C

Question. Carl Jung developed the theory of
(a) Individual psychology
(b) Analytical psychology
(c) Social psychology
(d) Psychoanalytic psychology
Answer. B

Question. The method of behavioural analysis is often used in obtaining peer assessment.
Answer. Nomination

Question. Naturalistic observation involves making observation in a natural setting. (True/False)
Answer. True

Question. A tendency to think that a target person who has one set of positive qualities must also be having other specific qualities is called _____________.
Answer. Halo effect

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality  Very Short Answer Questions

Question. Differentiate between self as a subject and self as an object.
Answer. Self is described as a subject, who does something (e.g., I am a dancer) and as an object on which something is done (e.g., I am the one who easily gets hurt).

Question. What is ‘self-concept’?
Answer. The way we perceive ourselves (as either positive or negative) and the ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes is called self-concept. For e.g., view of an individual’s academic talents. At a more specific level, a person may have positive view of his athletic bravery but a negative view of academic talents. At an even more specific level, one may have a positive view about one’s reading ability but a negative one about one’s mathematical skills.

Question. What is ‘self-esteem’?
Answer. The judgment a person makes about his value or worth is called self-esteem. It can be high or low. Children with high academic self-esteem perform better in school than those with low academic self-esteem. Children with high social self-esteem are more liked by their peers than those with low social self-esteem.

Question. What are the characteristics of people with low self esteem?
Answer. Children with low self esteem display anxiety, depression and increasing antisocial behaviour.

Question. What is ‘self-efficacy’?
Answer. A person who believes that she/he has ability or behaviours required by a particular situation demonstrates high self-efficacy. A strong self-efficacy sense allows us to select, influence, and construct the circumstances of our life. Strong self-efficacy people are less fearful. Self-efficacy can be developed with the help of society, parents and our own positive experiences as they present positive models during formative years of childhood. The notion of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s social learning theory. His initial studies showed that children and adults learned behaviour by observing and imitating others. People’s expectations of mastery or achievement and their convictions about their own effectiveness determine the type of behaviour they would engage in. The amount of risk they would undertake also determines this. For example, people with high self-efficacy stop smoking the moment they decide to do so.

Question. What is ‘self-regulation’?
Answer. Self-regulation refers to our ability to organize and monitor our own behaviour. People who can change their behaviour according to demands of the external environment are high on self-monitoring. Resistance to situational pressures and control over ourselves is possible through will-power.

Question. What is meant by structured personality tests?
Answer. Structured personality tests require subjects to give responses using some kind of rating scale. The subject reports his/her feeling objectively with respect to various items. For example, self-report measures.

Question. Elaborate the Existential theory of personality.
Answer. Existentialism emphasizes avoiding powerlessness, loneliness, emptiness, and inability to find meaning and value in our lives. This can be achieved by taking responsibility and by living genuine and authentic lives.

Question. What is assessment?
Answer. Assessment refers to measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation using scientific testing procedures.

Question. Differentiate between formal and informal assessment.
Answer. Formal assessment is objective, standardized and organized while informal assessment varies from case to case, from one assessor to another and is open to subjective interpretations. 

Question. Explain any two methods used for psychological assessment. 
Answer. The methods for psychological assessment are:
- Self-report Measures: These are fairly structured measures, often based on theory, that require subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of rating scale. The method requires the subject to objectively report her/his own feelings with respect to various items. The responses are accepted at their face value. They are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test.
- Projective Techniques: Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. These projections are interpreted by experts. A variety of projective techniques have been developed; they use various kinds of stimulus materials and situations for assessing personality. Some of them require reporting associations with stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), some involve story writing around pictures, some require sentence completions, some require expression through drawings.
- Interview: This involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis.This can be structured or unstructured. For example, an employer selecting employees for his/her organization.
- Observation: This involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomenon occurring in a natural situation. This can be participant or non-participant in nature. E.g., observing mother-child interactions.

Question. What is naturalistic observation?
Answer. Naturalistic observation is observation in a natural setting. For example, observing how people behave in response to a heavy discount provided by a shop.

Question. Explain participant observation.
Answer. In participant observation, the observer may become part of the group being observed.In this the observer takes some time to establish a rapport with the group so that they start accepting him/her as one of the group members. E.g., a teacher may become a part with students playing in the play-ground.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality Short Answer Questions-I

Question. Describe the features of personality.
Answer. Personality is characterised by the following features:
(i) It has both physical and psychological components.
(ii) Its expression in terms of behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual.
(iii) Its main features do not easily change with time.
(iv) It is dynamic in the sense that some of its features may change due to internal or external situational demands, i.e. adaptive to situations.

Question. Describe the unconscious as stated by Freud.
Answer. According to Freud, the unconscious is a reservoir of instinctive or animal drives, which also stores all ideas and wishes that are concealed from conscious awareness, perhaps because they lead to psychological conflicts. Most of these arise from sexual desires which cannot be expressed openly and therefore are repressed. People constantly struggle to find either some socially acceptable ways to express unconscious impulses, or to keep those impulses away from being expressed. Unsuccessful resolution of conflicts results in abnormal behaviour. Analysis of forgetting, mispronunciations, jokes and dreams provide us a means to approach the unconscious. Freud developed a therapeutic procedure, called psychoanalysis, whose basic goal is to bring the repressed unconscious materials to consciousness, helping people live in a more self-aware and integrated manner.

Question. What did Carl Jung mean by collective unconscious? 
Answer. Jung developed analytical theory of personality in which he claimed that there was a collective unconscious consisting of archetypes or primordial images. These are found in myths, dreams and arts of all mankind.

Question. Describe the theory by Karen Horney. 
Answer. Karen Horney criticized Freud’s theory in his treatment of women as inferior. She claimed that women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors. She argued that psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood. Indifferent, discouraging and erratic behaviour of parents makes the child feel insecure and basic anxiety results. If parents are indifferent or dominant or show too much or too little approval, children feel isolated and helpless which interfere with their healthy development.

Question. Describe the theory by Alfred Adler. 
Answer. Alfred Adler is known by individual psychology in which he assumes that human behaviour is purposeful and goal-directed. Our personal goals are the sources of our motivation. In Adler’s view every individual suffers from the feelings of inadequacy and guilt i.e., inferiority complex which arise from childhood. Overcoming this complex is essential for optimal personality development.

Question. Discuss Erich Fromm’s theory of personality
Answer. Erich Fromm viewed human beings as social beings who could be understood in terms of the relationship with others. He argued that psychological qualities such as growth and realization of potentials resulted from desire for freedom and striving for justice and truth.

Question. Discuss Erikson’s concept of identity crisis. 
Answer. Erik Erikson laid stress on rational, conscious ego processes in personality development.
He viewed development as a life-long process with a central place granted to ego identity.
His concept of identity crisis of adolescent age has shown considerable attention.

The primary task of adolescence is to establish an identity separate from their parents. In this process, the adolescents experience conflict with their parents and with themselves. Those who are not able to cope with this identity crisis are confused. This ‘identity confusion’, according to Erikson, can lead them to isolate themselves from their peers and family, or they lose their identity in the crowd. Adolescents on one hand may desire independence and at the same time show a great deal of dependence on their parents. Rapid fluctuations of self-confidence and insecurity are typical of this stage.

Question. Describe the key features of self-report measures used in personality assessment.
Answer. Key features of self-report measures are:
(i) In psychology, a self-report is a test, measure, or survey that relies on the individual’s own report of their symptoms, behaviours, beliefs, or attitudes. Self-report data is gathered from paper-and-pencil or electronic format, or sometimes through an interview.
(ii) Self-reports are commonly used in psychological studies largely because much valuable and diagnostic information about a person is revealed to a researcher or a clinician based on a person’s report on himself or herself. One of the most commonly used self-report tools is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for personality testing.
(iii) One of the primary advantages of self-report data is that it can be easily obtained. It is one of the instrumental ways that clinicians diagnose their patients—by asking questions. Those making the self-report are usually familiar with filling out questionnaires. For research, it is an inexpensive tool that can reach many more test subjects that could be analyzed by observation or other methods.
(iv) It can be performed relatively quickly so a researcher can obtain results in days or weeks rather than observing a population over the course of longer time frames.
(v) The self-reports can be made in private and can be anonymized to protect sensitive information and perhaps promote truthful responses.
(vi) Collecting information through a self-report, however, has its limitations
As people are often biased when they report on their own experiences. For example,many individuals are either consciously or unconsciously influenced by ‘social desirability,’ that is, they are more likely to report experiences that are considered to be socially acceptable or preferred.
(vii) This ‘multi-modal’ or ‘multi-method’ assessment provides a more global and therefore likely more accurate picture of the subject. (Any four)

Question. What are self-report measures? Explain three self-report measures with examples.
Answer. Self-report measures are structured measures that require subjects to give responses
using some kind of rating scale. The method requires the subject to objectively report his/her feelings with respect to various items. They are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test. Some of the self-report measures are.
(i) The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI): It contains 567 statements in which the subject has to state true or false. The test is divided into 10 subsets and diagnoses depression, hysteria, psychopathology, schizophrenia, mania, social-introversion etc.
(ii) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ): This test measures personality traits on three dimensions Introversion-Extraversion, Neuroticism-Emotional stability and Psychoticism-Sociability.
(iii) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF): This test was developed by Cattell. On the basis of his studies, he identified a large set of personality descriptors, which were subjected to factor analysis to identify the basic personality structure. This test provides with declarative statements and the subject responds to a specific situation by choosing from a set of given alternatives.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality Short Answer Questions-II 

Question. Differentiate between personal self and social self, giving examples.
Answer. Personal self: The biological self (e.g., a child cries when it is hungry which is based on reflex) modifies itself in context of socio-cultural environment and other components of personal self emerge such as personal freedom, personal responsibility, personal achievement or personal comforts.
Social self: This emerges in relation with others and emphasizes such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing. This self values family and social relationships. Hence it is also called familial or relational self.

Question. Differentiate between type and trait approaches to personality. Give suitable examples. 
Answer. Type approaches comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals. For example, Type-A personality possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, are in a great hurry and always feel burdened with work.
Trait approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways. For example, an individual with extraversion traits are active, gregarious, impulsive and thrill-seeking.

Question. State the characteristics of Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D personality.
Answer. Type A personality possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, seem to be in a hurry and feel burdened with work. They are susceptible to problems like hypertension and coronary heart disease.
Type B personality are individuals who have absence of Type-A traits.
Type C personality are prone to cancer. Individual characterised by this personality are cooperative, unassertive and patient. They suppress their negative emotions such as anger and show compliance to authority.
Type D personality are people characterised by proneness to depression.

Question. Compare the trait approaches given by Allport and Cattell to understand personality.
Answer. Allport proposed that individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature. He categorized traits as follows:
(a) Cardinal traits: These indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. For example, Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence is identified as Gandhian trait.
(b) Central traits: These traits like warm, sincere, diligent are often used in writing a job recommendation.
(c) Secondary traits: These are least generalized characteristics such as ‘likes mangoes’ or ‘prefers ethnic clothes’.
Cattell developed a common personality structure on which a person differs. He applied a statistical technique called factor analysis to discover the common structures. He distinguished between source traits and surface traits, source traits are stable and considered as building blocks of personality. Surface traits result out of interaction with source traits.He developed a test called 16 PF (16 Personality Factors) for the assessment of personality.

Question. What are defence mechanisms? Differentiate between repression and denial.
OR
What are defence mechanisms? Explain repression. 
Answer. Human behaviour reflects an attempt to deal with or escape from anxiety. Freud described various defence mechanisms which people use to reduce anxiety by distorting
reality. Differences between repression and denial are:
Repression: In this anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. For e.g., when people repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that wish or desire.
Denial: In this a person totally refuses to accept reality. For e.g., someone suffering from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny his or her illness.

Question. Differentiate between personality inventories and projective techniques.
Answer. (i) Personality inventories are structured measures. The stimuli in projective techniques are unstructured and poorly defined.
(ii) In personality inventories responses are given on some kind of rating scale, scored in quantitative terms and on some kind of rating scale, scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test. Scoring and interpretation in projective techniques are lengthy and subjective.
(iii) Personality inventories require the subject to objectively report his/her feelings. Projective techniques assess unconscious motives and feelings.
(iv) Example of personality inventories–Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).
Example of projective technique–Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Question. Describe the limitations of self-report measures.
OR
Explain any two problems associated with their (self-report measures) use for personality assessment. 
Answer. The self-report measures suffer from a number of problems:
(i) Social desirability: It is a tendency on the part of the respondent to give answers in a socially desirable manner.
(ii) Acquiescence: It is a tendency of the subject to agree with items/questions irrespective of their contents. It often appears in the form of saying ‘yes’ to items.

Question. Define observation. Explain the limitations of observation as a method to evaluate personality.
OR
Describe the observational methods used in personality assessment. What are the problems faced in using these methods ? 
Answer. Observation involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomenon occurring in a natural situation. This can be participant or non-participant in nature. E.g., observing mother-child interactions. The limitations of the observation method are:
(i) This requires a professionally trained psychologist.
(ii) The psychologist should be matured to conduct the observations.
(iii) The mere presence of the observer may contaminate the results.
(iv) Daily routine life events are ignored or unnoticed in the process of observation.
(v) Events observed are subject to bias due to feelings of the observer.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality Long Answer Questions

Question. What is meant by delay of gratification? Discuss the techniques used for self-control.
Answer. Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control. For example, fasting in vrata or roza.
The psychological techniques of self-control are:
(i) Observation of our own behaviour: This refers to changing, modifying or strengthening certain aspects of self.
(ii) Self instruction: This refers to instructing ourselves to do something and behave accordingly.
(iii) Self-reinforcement: This involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant consequences. For e.g., going to a movie after doing well in exams.

Question. Describe different stages of personality development proposed by Freud.
Answer. The stages of personality are:
(i) Oral Stage: It spans between 0 to 1.5 years of age in which the newborn’s or the infant’s mouth is the pleasure seeking centre. The infant achieves oral gratification through feeding, thumb sucking, biting and babbling.
(ii) Anal Stage: It spans between 1.5 to 3 years of age in which the anal area gives pleasurable feelings. The child experiences pleasure by retention or expulsion of bowels.
(iii) Phallic Stage: This stage spans between 3 to 6 years of age and the pleasure seeking area are the genitals. The children begin to realize the relationship between males and females and become aware of the relationship between their parents. The male child experiences the Oedipus complex which involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father and the consequent fear of punishment or castration by the father (Oedipus was a Greek king who unknowingly killed his father and then married his mother). The girls at this stage develop Electra complex in which the girls show love for their father and symbolically marry him and raise a family (Electra was a Greek character who induced her brother to kill their mother). By the end of this stage, the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex are resolved in which boys give up sexual feelings for their mothers and begin to see their fathers as role models rather than as rivals while the girls give up their sexual desires for their father and identify with their mother.
(iv) Latency Stage: This stage spans between 6 to 12 years of age. During this period the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges are relatively inactive. Much of the child’s energy is channeled into social or achievement-related activities.
(v) Genital Stage: This stage spans between 12 to 18 years of age and the repressed feelings of the earlier stages are once again exhibited. People learn to deal with members of opposite sex in a socially and sexually matured way.

Question. What do you understand by personality? Explain assessment of personality using behavioural analysis.
OR
Explain the techniques of behavioural analysis used in personality assessment.
Answer. Personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations.
For example, a person who is socially active, assertive, talkative and fun-loving is an extrovert personality.
The methods for personality assessment using behavioural analysis are:
(a) Interview: This involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis.
This can be structured or unstructured. For example, an employer selecting employees for his/her organization.
(b) Observation: This involves employing systematic, organised and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomenon occurring in a natural situation.
This can be participant or non-participant in nature. For example, observing mother child interactions.
(c) Behaviour ratings are used for assessment of personality in educational and industrial settings. In this, individuals are put into certain categories in terms of their behavioural qualities. These ratings have drawbacks such as halo effect, middle category bias and extreme response bias.
(d) Nomination: This method is used in obtaining peer assessment. In this each person is asked to choose one or more persons of the group with whom s/he would like to work, study, play or participate in a activity. The person may be asked to specify the reason for his or her choices.
(e) Situational Tests: The most commonly used test of this kind is the situational stress test. It involves a kind of role-playing in which a person performs a task with other persons, who are non-cooperative and interfering. Thus this test provides us with information about how a person behaves under stressful situations.

Question. Describe the key features of self-report measures used in personality assessment.
Answer. Key features of self-report measures are:
(i) In psychology, a self-report is a test, measure, or survey that relies on the individual’s own report of their symptoms, behaviours, beliefs, or attitudes. Self-report data is gathered from paper-and-pencil or electronic format, or sometimes through an interview.
(ii) Self-reports are commonly used in psychological studies largely because much valuable and diagnostic information about a person is revealed to a researcher or a clinician based on a person’s report on himself or herself. One of the most commonly used self-report tools is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for personality testing.
(iii) One of the primary advantages of self-report data is that it can be easily obtained.
It is one of the instrumental ways that clinicians diagnose their patients—by asking questions. Those making the self-report are usually familiar with filling out questionnaires. For research, it is an inexpensive tool that can reach many more test subjects that could be analyzed by observation or other methods.
(iv) It can be performed relatively quickly so a researcher can obtain results in days or weeks rather than observing a population over the course of longer time frames.
(v) The self-reports can be made in private and can be anonymized to protect sensitive information and perhaps promote truthful responses. Collecting information through a self-report, however, has its limitations
- As people are often biased when they report on their own experiences. For example, many individuals are either consciously or unconsciously influenced by ‘social desirability,’ that is, they are more likely to report experiences that are considered to be socially acceptable or preferred.
- This ‘multi-modal’ or ‘multi-method’ assessment provides a more global and therefore likely more accurate picture of the subject

Q1) Differentiate between:

a) Personal and social Identity

b) Self as a subject and an object

Q2) What are the various types of self? Explain with the help of examples.

Q3) “Reema is a 17 yrs old girl who is obese and is not able to have a control over her diet.” What tips would you give her to monitor her behavior for self control?

Q4) What is are the variations that exist between the western and the Indian cultural perspective about self?

Q5) “ Personality characterizes individuals as they appear in most circumstances”. Justify by explaining its characteristics in detail.

Q6) How does the Indian concept of Ayurveda classify people and their Personality?

Q7) “Ravi is a 25 yrs old youth who possesses high motivation, lacks patience, feels short of time & is always pressured by work”.

a) Which type of personality do you think Ravi is possessing?

b) What are the other types of personality that may exist?

c) Name the psychologists who have given these types of Personality?

Q8) How are traits different from types? Give examples.

Q9) Using Allport’s theory, Identify the various types of traits in the given situation. Explain them in detail.

“Supriya is a very warm and friendly girl who is often known as the FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE of the class. She is a very traditional girl who always prefers to wear Indian or ethnic clothes. She hates the western culture especially the trend of going to parties and discotheque.”

Q10) Explain Paul Coasta’s and Robert Mc Crae’s personality theory?

Q11) “According to Freud ,structural elements of personality reside in the unconscious as forces and can be inferred from the way people behave” Justify

Q12) Name the psychologists who who worked with freud but later separated and developed their own theories?

Q13) Explain the Psychosexual development theory given by freud?

Q!4) “Rahima is a7yrs old girl who lives in an orphanage. She is very clear with the abstract concepts like Religion, god, unity and oneness without anyone’s guidance or teaching.”

a) Which personality theory do you think relates to such experiences?

b) Name the psychologist who gave this theory?

c) Explain the theory and its concepts in detail?

Q15 Distinguish between the Source and surface traits given by Raymond Cattell? Give examples.

Q16) Identify and define the Defense mechanisms given below:

a) “A student having a strong desire to cheat in the exam, is not able to do so because of the strong revolt by the conscious within. So he suspects that the other classmates might be cheating.

b) A boy who was reared to believe that sex is evil and dirty may become anxious every time sexual feelings surge to the surface. So in order to defend against the anxiety, he joined the groups against sex in media.

c) A tense father who had troubles in office gave a harsh beating

1. What is personality?

2. What are the various approaches of personality explain?

3. What is self-esteem?

4. What is self-efficacy?

5. What is self-regulation?

6. What is self-control and what are the effective methods of self control?

7. What is personal identity and social identity explain?

8. Explain type approach of personality with various theories?

9. Explain the Indian concept of personality of tridoshas and trigunas?

10. What are the various theories to explain trait approach of personality?

11. Explain Psychodynamic personality theory of Freud?

12. What are the various defense mechanisms proposed by Sigmund Freud?

13. What are the various directive techniques of personality assessment?

14. What are the various Projective techniques of Personality assessment?

15. Explain what are the various Post Freudian theories of Personality development?

16. What is Humanistic approach of personality?

17. What is cultural approach of personality?