CBSE Class 12 Psychology Therapeutic Approaches Worksheet

Question. Discuss the various techniques used in behaviour therapy.
Answer. The principles of behaviour techniques are to reduce the arousal level of the client, alter behaviour through classical conditioning with different positive and negative relationships with reinforcer as well as to use vicarious learning procedures. Negative reinforcement refers to following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked. For example, the teacher disapproves child who shouts in class.
Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell the alcohol which leads to his leaving alcohol.

If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, Positive reinforcement increases the deficit. If a child does not do homework regularly, positive reinforcement may be used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite dish which increases the behaviour of doing homework at appointed time.

Differential reinforcement is an effective method wherein positive reinforcement is given for wanted behaviour while negative reinforcement is given for unwanted behaviour. If a child cries for not being taken to cinema, the parent ignores the child when s/he cries and taken to cinema when s/he shows wanted behaviour.
Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think of the least anxiety-provoking situation. The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. Over sessions the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear. The process of systematic desensitization is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition which states that two mutually opposing forces inhibits the weaker force.
Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as are reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. This is known as Token Economy.
Modelling is the procedure which uses the procedure of vicarious learning wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of the therapist who acts as the role model. Vicarious learning is learning by observing others. It is the process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.

Question. Should Electro-convulsive Therapy (ECT) be used in the treatment of mental disorders?
Answer. Electro-convulsive Therapy (ECT) is another form of biomedical therapy. Mild electric shock is given via electrodes to the brain of the patient to induce convulsions. The shock is given by the psychiatrist only when it is necessary for the improvement of the patient. ECT is not a routine treatment and is given only when drugs are not effective in controlling the symptoms of the patient.

Question. What kind of problems is cognitive behaviour therapy best suited for?
Answer. CBT to be a short and efficacious treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and borderline personality, etc.

Question. What are the techniques used in the rehabilitation of the mentally ill?
Answer. The aim during the treatment of psychological disorders is to reduce the symptoms and improve the functioning or quality of life. Rehabilitation is required to help patients to become self-sufficient. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy. In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role-play, imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group. Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills to undertake productive employment.

Question. How would a social learning theorist account for a phobic fear of lizards/cockroaches?
How would a psychoanalyst account for the same phobia?
Answer. According to Social Learning theory
- Both faulty and adaptive behaviours are a result of faulty learning.
- The mechanism of reward and punishment will decide the behaviour will be learned or eliminated.
- This phobia can be treated with techniques like systematic desensitisation, modeling or using methodology of behaviour therapy.

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. During behaviour therapy treatment is to extinguish or eliminate the faulty behaviors which cause distress such as fear or phobia of lizards/cockroaches and substitute them with adaptive behaviour patterns. The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxietyprovoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think of the least anxiety-provoking situation. The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. Over sessions the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear. The process of systematic desensitization is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition which states that two mutually opposing forces inhibit the weaker force.
According to Psychoanalysts, intra-psychic conflicts are the source of psychological problems due to unresolved childhood fear of lizards/cockroaches. The unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears lead to intra-psychic conflicts.

- A child who shows phobic reaction to lizards/cockroaches has had a traumatic experience of the phobic stimulus
- The fear was either repressed or displaced

Psychoanalytic therapy uses the methods of free association and reporting of dreams to elicit the thoughts and feelings of the client. A therapeutic relationship is established and the client feels comfortable, the therapist makes him/her lie down on the couch, close his/her eyes and asks him/her to speak whatever comes to mind without censoring it in anyway. The client is encouraged to freely associate one thought with another, and this method is called the method of free association. A relaxed and trusting atmosphere is created and as the therapist does not interrupt the free flow of ideas, desires and the conflicts of the unconscious, which had been suppressed by the ego, emerge into the conscious mind. Along with this technique, the client is asked to write down his/her dreams upon waking up. According to psychoanalysts, dreams are symbols of unfulfilled desires and are the royal road to the unconscious. This material is interpreted to the client to help him/her confront and resolve the conflicts and thus overcome problems. The therapist understands and interprets the thoughts and feelings of the client. The client’s symptoms and distresses reduce as a consequence of the development of emotional insight.

Question. Describe the nature and scope of psychotherapy. Highlight the importance of therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy.
Answer. Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment or the client and the one who treats or the therapist. The purpose of the relationship is to help the client to solve the psychological problems being faced by her or him. The relationship is conducive for building the trust of the client so that problems may be freely discussed. Psychotherapies aim at changing the maladaptive behaviours, decreasing the sense of personal distress, and helping the client to adapt better to her/ his environment. Inadequate marital, occupational and social adjustment also requires that major changes be made in an individual’s personal environment.

All psychotherapeutic approaches have the following characteristics:
(i) there is systematic application of principles underlying the different theories of therapy,
(ii) persons who have received practical training under expert supervision can practice psychotherapy, and not everybody. An untrained person may unintentionally cause more harm than any good,
(iii) the therapeutic situation involves a therapist and a client who seeks and receives help for her/his emotional problems (this person is the focus of attention in the therapeutic process), and
(iv) the interaction of these two persons — the therapist and the client — results in the consolidation/formation of the therapeutic relationship. This is a confidential, interpersonal, and dynamic relationship. This human relationship is central to any sort of psychological therapy and is the vehicle for change.

All psychotherapies aim at a few or all of the following goals:
(i) Reinforcing client’s resolve for betterment.
(ii) Lessening emotional pressure.
(iii) Unfolding the potential for positive growth.
(iv) Modifying habits.
(v) Changing thinking patterns.
(vi) Increasing self-awareness.
(vii) Improving interpersonal relations and communication.
(viii) Facilitating decision-making.
(ix) Becoming aware of one’s choices in life.
(x) Relating to one’s social environment in a more creative and self-aware manner.

Therapeutic Relationship

The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as the therapeutic relationship or alliance. It is neither a passing acquaintance, nor a permanent and lasting relationship. There are two major components of a therapeutic alliance. The first component is the contractual nature of the relationship in which two willing individuals, the client and the therapist, enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome her/his problems. The second component of therapeutic alliance is the limited duration of the therapy. This alliance lasts until the client becomes able to deal with her/his problems and take control of her/his life. This relationship has several unique properties. It is a trusting and confiding relationship. The high level of trust enables the client to unburden herself/himself to the therapist and confide her/ his psychological and personal problems to the latter. The therapist encourages this by being accepting, empathic, genuine and warm to the client. The therapist conveys by her/his words and behaviours that s/he is not judging the client and will continue to show the same positive feelings towards the client even if the client is rude or confides all the ‘wrong’ things that s/he may have done or thought about. This is the unconditional positive regard which the therapist has for the client. The therapist has empathy for the client. Empathy is different from sympathy and intellectual understanding of another person’s situation. In sympathy, one has compassion and pity towards the suffering of another but is not able to feel like the other person. Intellectual understanding is cold in the sense that the person is unable to feel like the other person and does not feel sympathy either. On the other hand, empathy is present when one is able to understand the plight of another person, and feel like the other person. It means understanding things from the other person’s perspective, i.e. putting oneself in the other person’s shoes. Empathy enriches the therapeutic relationship and transforms it into a healing relationship. The therapeutic alliance also requires that the therapist must keep strict confidentiality of the experiences, events, feelings or thoughts disclosed by the client. The therapist must not exploit the trust and the confidence of the client in anyway. Finally, it is a professional relationship, and must remain so.

Objective Type Questions 

Question. People have ‘freedom and choices’ is the core assumption of _____________ therapy.
(a) cognitive
(b) gestalt
(c) behaviour
(d) client-centred
Answer. D

Question. Repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence refers to
(a) positive reinforcement
(b) aversive conditioning
(c) negative reinforcement
(d) modelling
Answer. B

Question. Learning behaviour by observing the behaviour of a role model is known as
(a) positive reinforcement
(b) aversive conditioning
(b) negative reinforcement
(d) modelling
Answer. D

Question. Read the matches given below and identify the correct match.
       List A                           List B
(i) RET                          (a) Psychodynamic therapy
(ii) Transference           (b) Behaviour therapy
(iii) Token economy      (c) Existential therapy
(iv) Logo therapy          (d) Cognitive therapy
Answer. (a)–(iv), (b)–(i), (c)–(ii), (d)–(iii)

Question. Match the following:
(i) Cognitive therapy     (a) Albert Ellis
(ii) RET                        (b) Fritz Perls
(iii) Gestalt therapy      (c) Beck
(iv) Logotherapy          (d) Frankl
Options
(a) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(b) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
(c) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)
(d) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d)
Answer. D

Question. In psychoanalysis, the important methods are free association and _____________.
Answer. Dream Analysis/Dream Interpretation

Question. In the negative transference, the client idolises, or falls in love with the therapist, and seeks the therapist’s approval. (True/False)
Answer. False

Question. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is a form of _______________ therapy.
Answer. Biomedical

Question. What is bottled up, gets an outlet. This process is called _____________.
Answer. Catharsis

Question. The German word Gestalt means ______________.
Answer. Whole

Question. In ECT, strong electric shocks are given via electrodes to the brain of the patient to induce convulsions by the psychiatrist. (True/False)
Answer. True

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5  Psychotherapeutics Very Short Answer Questions 

Question. What is ‘free association’?
Answer. The therapist makes the client lie down on the couch, close his/her eyes and asks him/ her to speak whatever comes to mind without censoring it in anyway. The client is encouraged to freely associate one thought with another, and this method is called the method of free association. A relaxed and trusting atmosphere is created and as the therapist does not interrupt the free flow of ideas, desires and the conflicts of the unconscious, which had been suppressed by the ego, emerge into the conscious mind.

Question. Explain ‘aversive conditioning’.
Answer. Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell alcohol. With repeated pairings the smell of alcohol is aversive as the pain of shock is associated with it and the person will give up alcohol.

Question. What is occupational therapy? 
Answer. Occupational therapy is a technique to help improve the quality of life of a mentally ill person after treatment. In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper-bag making and weaving etc. to help them to form a work discipline.

Question. Explain the concept of ‘unconditional positive regard’.
Answer. The therapist conveys by her/his words and behaviours that s/he is not judging the client and will continue to show the same positive feelings towards the client even if the client is rude or confides all ‘wrong’ things that s/he may have done or thought about. This is the unconditional positive regard which the therapist has for the client. The therapist has empathy for the client.

Question. Explain ‘positive reinforcement’. 
Answer. Positive reinforcement refers to following a desired response with an outcome that is liked. If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement increases the deficit. If a child does not do homework regularly, positive reinforcement may be used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite dish which increases the behaviour of doing homework at appointed time.

Question. Explain ‘token economy technique’ for changing behaviour.
Answer. In token economy persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward such as outing for the patient as a treat.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5  Psychotherapeutics Short Answer Questions-I 

Question. What is Gestalt therapy. 
Answer. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to increase an individual’s self-awareness and selfacceptance.
The client is taught to recognize his emotions that are being blocked out from awareness.

Question. Describe Rational Emotive Therapy.
Answer. Psychological distress is caused by irrational thoughts and beliefs. The distorted perception of the antecedent event due to irrational beliefs leads to a consequence, i.e., negative emotions and behaviours. In the process of RET, the irrational beliefs are proved wrong by the therapist through the process of non-directive questioning. The nature of questioning is gentle, without probing or being directive.

Question. State the techniques used in the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. 
Answer. The aim during the treatment of psychological disorders is to reduce the symptoms and improve the functioning or quality of life. Rehabilitation is required to help patients to become self-sufficient. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy. In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role-play, imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group. Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills to undertake productive employment.

Question. Explain the concept of ‘unconditional positive regard’.
Answer. The therapist conveys by her/his words and behaviours that s/he is not judging the client and will continue to show the same positive feelings towards the client even if the client is rude or confides all ‘wrong’ things that s/he may have done or thought about. This is the unconditional positive regard which the therapist has for the client. The therapist has empathy for the client.
(i) The therapist shows positive warmth and is not dependent on what the client reveals.
(ii) The therapist shows a non-judgmental attitude.
(iii) The client feels secure and trusts the therapist.
(iv) It facilitates the process of reflection. (seeking simple clarifications from the client to enhance understanding)

Question. How is behaviour therapy used to treat phobia?
OR
Enumerate the steps in systematic desensitization.
Answer. Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behaviour therapy introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think of the least anxiety-provoking situation. The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. Over sessions the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear. The process of systematic desensitization is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition which states that two mutually opposing forces inhibits the weaker force.

Question. Explain mental disorders from a Cognitive perspective . A client experiences irrational thoughts that are self-defeating in nature. Suggest and explain a suitable therapy that will help him to reduce his distress. 
Answer. Albert Ellis formulated the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in which he states that the distorted perception of the antecedent event due to the irrational belief leads to a consequence, i.e., negative emotions and behaviours. Irrational beliefs are assessed through questionnaires and interviews and are proved wrong by the therapist through non-directive questioning. The nature of questioning is gentle without probing or being directive. The questions make the client to think deeper into his/her assumptions about life and problems. Gradually the client is able to change the irrational beliefs by making a change in his/her philosophy about life. The rational belief system replaces the irrational belief system and there is reduction in psychological distress.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5  Psychotherapeutics Short Answer Questions-II

Question. State the ethical standards in psychotherapy?
Answer. Ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists are:
(i) Informed consent need to be taken.
(ii) Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
(iii) Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.
(iv) Integrity of the practitioner-client.
(v) Respect for human rights and dignity.
(vi) Professional competence and skills are essential.

Question. Explain ‘negative reinforcement’ and ‘aversive conditioning’ techniques of behaviour modification.
Answer. Negative reinforcement refers to following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked. For example, the teacher disapproves a child who shouts in class. Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell the alcohol which leads to his leaving alcohol.

Question. What are the goals of psychotherapy?
Answer. All psychotherapies aim at the following goals:
(i) Reinforcing client’s resolve for betterment
(ii) Lessening emotional pressure
(iii) Unfolding the potential for positive growth
(iv) Modifying habits
(v) Changing thinking patterns
(vi) Increasing self-awareness
(vii) Improving interpersonal relations and communication
(viii) Facilitating decision making
(ix) Becoming aware of one’s choices in life
(x) Relating to one’s social environment in a more creative and self-aware manner.

Question. Discuss the factors that contribute to healing in psychotherapy.
OR
Describe four factors which contribute to the treatment of psychological distress.
Answer. Psychotherapy is a treatment of psychological distress. There are several processes which contribute to the healing process:
(i) Relaxation procedures and cognitive restructuring contribute to the healing.
(ii) The therapeutic alliance has healing properties because of the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.
(iii) Healing is provided by unburdening the client of emotional problems by the process of catharsis.
(iv) There are several non-specific factors associated with psychotherapy. Non-specific factors attributable to the client/patient are motivation for change, expectation or improvement due to treatment. Non-specific factors attributable to the therapist are positive nature, absence of unresolved emotional conflicts, presence of good mental health.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5  Psychotherapeutics Long Answer Questions 

Question. Explain the different types of psychotherapy. Describe the principles on which humanistic-existential therapy is based.
Answer. Psychotherapy is a treatment of psychological distress.
The different types of psycho-therapies are:
(a)(i) Psychodynamic therapy
(ii) Behaviour therapy
(iii) Existential therapy
The principles underlying humanistic existential psychotherapy are
(i) Psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation and inability to find meaning and genuine fulfillment in life.
(ii) Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self-actualisation, and an innate need to grow emotionally. When these needs are curbed by society and family, human beings experience psychological distress. Frustration of self actualisation also causes distress.
(iii) The humanistic-existential therapies encourage personal growth and actualise the potential. Self actualisation requires free emotional expression. The family and society curb emotional expression which leads to destructive behaviour and negative emotions by thwarting the process of emotional expression. The therapist is merely facilitator and guide. It is the client who is responsible for the success of the therapy by the process of self-growth through which healing takes place.
(iv) The therapy creates a permissive, non-judgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be achieved. The fundamental assumption is that the client has the freedom and responsibility to control his/her own behaviour and the chief aim of the therapy is to expand the client’s awareness.

Question. Elaborate any three psychological (therapeutic) models proposed to treat mental disorders.
OR
What are the different types of psycho-therapy? Explain the principles on which humanistic-existential therapy is based. 
The different types of psycho-therapies are:
(i) Psychodynamic therapy (ii) Behaviour therapy (iii) Existential therapy
Answer.
(i) Psychodynamic therapy: According to Psychodynamic therapy intra-psychic conflict are the source of psychological problems. The unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears lead to intra-psychic conflicts. Psychodynamic therapy uses the methods of free association and reporting of dreams to elicit the thoughts and feelings of the client. This material is interpreted to the client to help him/ her confront and resolve the conflicts and thus overcome problems. The therapist understands and interprets the thoughts and feelings of the client. The client’s symptoms and distresses reduce as a consequence of the development of emotional insight.

(ii) Behaviour therapy: According to behaviour therapies, psychological problems arise due to faulty learning of behaviours and cognitions. The faulty conditioning patterns, faulty learning and faulty thinking and beliefs lead to maladaptive behaviours that lead to psychological problems. Behaviour therapy identifies the faulty conditioning patterns and sets up alternate behavioural contingencies to improve behaviour and overcome psychological distress. Behaviour therapists are capable of arriving at solutions to the client’s problems. Adaptive and healthy behaviour and thought patterns replace faulty behaviour and ensures removal of symptoms.

(iii) Existential therapy: These therapies postulate that the questions about the meaning of one’s life and existence are the cause of psychological problems. It gives importance to the present wherein the current feelings of loneliness, alienation, sense of futility of one’s existence causes psychological problems. The existential therapy provides a therapeutic environment which is positive, accepting, warm, empathic and nonjudgmental. The therapist acts as a facilitator in which the client arrives at the solutions through the process of personal growth. Thus the client understands oneself and one’s aspirations, emotions and motives.

The principles underlying humanistic existential psychotherapy are
(i) Psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation and inability to find meaning and genuine fulfillment in life.
(ii) Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self-actualisation, and an innate need to grow emotionally. When these needs are curbed by society and family, human beings experience psychological distress. Frustration of self actualisation also causes distress.
(iii) The humanistic-existential therapies encourage personal growth and actualise the potential. Self actualisation requires free emotional expression. The family and society curb emotional expression which leads to destructive behaviour and negative emotions by thwarting the process of emotional expression. The therapist is merely facilitator and guide. It is the client who is responsible for the success of the therapy by the process of self-growth through which healing takes place.
The therapy creates a permissive, non-judgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be achieved. The fundamental assumption is that the client has the freedom and responsibility to control his/her own behaviour and the chief aim of the therapy is to expand the client’s awareness.

Question. Explain how would a social learning theorist and a psychoanalyst account for phobia of lizards. Support your answer with examples. 
OR
A person has a phobia of cockroaches. Explain this phobia from social learning perspective and psychoanalyst view point giving examples. 
Answer. According to Social Learning theory
(i) Both faulty and adaptive behaviours are a result of faulty learning.
(ii) The mechanism of reward and punishment will decide the behaviour will be learned or eliminated.
(iii) This phobia can be treated with techniques like systematic desensitisation, modeling or using methodology of behaviour therapy.

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. During behaviour therapy treatment is to extinguish or eliminate the faulty behaviors which cause distress such as fear or phobia of lizards and substitute them with adaptive behaviour patterns. The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think of the least anxiety-provoking situation. The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. Over sessions the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear. The process of systematic desensitization is based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition which states that two mutually opposing forces inhibit the weaker force.

According to Psychoanalysts, intra-psychic conflicts are the source of psychological problems due to unresolved childhood fear of lizards. The unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears lead to intra-psychic conflicts.
(i) A child who shows phobic reaction to lizards has had a traumatic experience of the phobic stimulus.
(ii) The fear was either repressed or displaced.

Psychoanalytic therapy uses the methods of free association and reporting of dreams to elicit the thoughts and feelings of the client. A therapeutic relationship is established and the client feels comfortable, the therapist makes him/her lie down on the couch, close his/her eyes and asks him/her to speak whatever comes to mind without censoring it in anyway. The client is encouraged to freely associate one thought with another, and this method is called the method of free association. A relaxed and trusting atmosphere is created and as the therapist does not interrupt the free flow of ideas, desires and the conflicts of the unconscious, which had been suppressed by the ego, emerge into the conscious mind. Along with this technique, the client is asked to write down his/her dreams upon waking up. According to psychoanalysts, dreams are symbols of unfulfilled desires and are the royal road to the unconscious. This material is interpreted to the client to help him/her confront and resolve the conflicts and thus overcome problems. The therapist understands and interprets the thoughts and feelings of the client. The client’s symptoms and distresses reduce as a consequence of the development of emotional insight.

1. What is unconditional positive regard?

2. What are the various goals of Psychotherapy?

3. Explain Psychodynamic therapy of treatment?

4. Explain Rational emotive therapy of Albert Ellis?

5. Explain Gestalt therapy?

6. What is biomedical therapy?

7. What are the various principles involved in Behaviour therapy?

8. Explain Humanistic therapy of treatment?

9. What is Logo therapy explains?

10. What is client centered therapy?

11. What are the views of Positive psychology on Human beings?

12. What is systematic desensitization and how it will be helpful in treatment of Phobias?

13. What are the various ethics in psychotherapy?

14. What are the various alternative therapies of treatment?

15. What is aversive conditioning explain?

16. What are the factors responsible for healing in Psychotherapy?

17. How will you treat phobias with the help of behavior therapy principles?

18. Explain the Humanistic views to treat the Psychological disorders?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. ‘Shelja is a 17 yr old girl who believes that Human misery is caused by the external events over which one does not have any control and feels that she is an ugly girl who is not wanted and loved by anyone.’ Which therapy do you think would help her the most in such conditions and why?

2. What are the goals that a therapist aims at achieving while dealing with the client?

3. Draw a table showing the aim, goal, diagnosis and types of treatment that is used in various therapies.

4. Explain the process of a therapeutic relationship

5. Differentiate between Confrontation and Clarification.

6. What are the various parameters on which various psychotherapies are based.

7. ‘Dreams are the roads toe the unconscious intra psychic conflicts.’ Elaborate.

8. Explain the advantages in formulation of client’s problem?

9. What importance does Yoga hold in an individual’s life?

10. ‘Healing plays a major contribution in the treatment of psychological distress. Explain the four important factors with the help of examples.

11. What is ECT therapy? How is it given to the patients?

12. ‘Anxiety is a manifestation of the psychological distress for which clients seek treatment.’ What are the various ways of dealing with it?

13. What importance does Carl Rogers hold in Psychotherapy? What role does Rehabilitation play in a mentally ill patient.