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Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Biology HOTS
Class 12 Biology students should refer to the following high order thinking skills questions with answers for Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation in Class 12. These HOTS questions with answers for Class 12 Biology will come in exams and help you to score good marks
HOTS Questions Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Biology with Answers
Ques. Haploids are able to express both recessive and dominant alleles/mutations because there are
(a) many alleles for each gene
(b) two alleles for each gene
(c) only one allele for each gene in the individual
(d) only one allele in a gene.
Answer: C
Ques. Experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance was done by
(a) Mendel
(b) Sutton
(c) Boveri
(d) Morgan.
Answer: D
Ques. What map unit (centimorgan) is adopted in the construction of genetic maps?
(a) A unit of distance between genes on chromosomes, representing 50% cross over.
(b) A unit of distance between two expressed genes, representing 10% cross over.
(c) A unit of distance between two expressed genes, representing 100% cross over.
(d) A unit of distance between genes on chromosomes, representing 1% cross over.
Answer: D
Ques. The frequency of recombination between gene present on the same chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes was explained by
(a) Sutton Boveri
(b) T.H. Morgan
(c) Gregor J.Mendel
(d) Alfred Sturtevant.
Answer: D
Ques. The mechanism that causes a gene to move from one linkage group to another is called
(a) inversion
(b) duplication
(c) translocation
(d) crossing-over.
Answer: C
Ques. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more parental-type offspring were produced than the recombinant-type offspring. This indicates
(a) the two genes are linked and present on the same chromosome
(b) both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene
(c) the two genes are located on two different chromosomes
(d) chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis.
Answer: A
Ques. The term “linkage” was coined by
(a) G. Mendel
(b) W. Sutton
(c) T.H. Morgan
(d) T. Boveri.
Answer: C
Ques. The movement of a gene from one linkage group to another is called
(a) translocation
(b) crossing over
(c) inversion
(d) duplication.
Answer: A
Ques. Fruit colour in squash is an example of
(a) recessive epistasis
(b) dominant epistasis
(c) complementary genes
(d) inhibitory genes.
Answer: B
Ques. Which of the following statements is not true of two genes that show 50% recombination frequency?
(a) The gene show independent assortment.
(b) If the genes are present on the same chromosome, they undergo more than one cross-overs in every meiosis.
(c) The genes may be on different chromosomes.
(d) The genes are tightly linked.
Answer: D
Ques. When two unrelated individuals or lines are crossed, the performance of F1 hybrid is often superior to both its parents. This phenomenon is called
(a) heterosis
(b) transformation
(c) splicing
(d) metamorphosis.
Answer: A
Ques. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to dihybrid cross.
(a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show higher recombinations.
(b) Genes far apart on the same chromosome show very few recombinations.
(c) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosome show similar recombinations.
(d) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosome show very few recombinations.
Answer: D
Ques. A human male produces sperms with the genotypes AB, Ab, aB and ab pertaining to two diallelic characters in equal proportions. What is the corresponding genotype of this person?
(a) AaBB
(b) AABb
(c) AABB
(d) AaBb
Answer: D
Ques. In Mendel’s experiments with garden pea, round seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled seeds (rr), yellow cotyledon (YY) was dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are the expected phenotypes in the F2 generation of the cross RRYY × rryy?
(a) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons, and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
(b) Only round seeds with green cotyledons
(c) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
(d) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons
Answer: A
Ques. In order to find out the different types of gametes produced by a pea plant having the genotype AaBb it should be crossed to a plant with the genotype
(a) AABB
(b) AaBb
(c) aabb
(d) aaBB.
Answer: C
Ques. In a plant, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r) and tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t). If a plant with RRTt genotype is crossed with a plant that is rrtt,
(a) 25% will be tall with red fruit
(b) 50% will be tall with red fruit
(c) 75% will be tall with red fruit
(d) all the offspring will be tall with red fruit.
Answer: B
Ques. Lack of independent assortment of two genes A and
B in fruit fly Drosophila is due to
(a) repulsion
(b) recombination
(c) linkage
(d) crossing over.
Answer: C
Ques. Two crosses between the same pair of genotypes or phenotypes in which the sources of the gametes are reversed in one cross, is known as
(a) test cross
(b) reciprocal cross
(c) dihybrid cross
(d) reverse cross.
Answer: B
67. There are three genes a, b, c. Percentage of crossing over between a and b is 20%, b and c is 28% and a and c is 8%. What is the sequence of genes on chromosome?
(a) b, a, c
(b) a, b, c
(c) a, c, b
(d) None of these
Answer: A
68. Two non-allelic genes produces the new phenotype when present together but fail to do so independently then it is called
(a) epistasis
(b) polygene
(c) non complementary gene
(d) complementary gene.
Answer: A
Ques. A and B genes are linked. What shall be genotype of progeny in a cross between AB/ab and ab/ab?
(a) AAbb and aabb
(b) AaBb and aabb
(c) AABB and aabb
(d) None of these
Answer: B
Ques. Ratio of complementary genes is
(a) 9 : 3 : 4
(b) 12 : 3 : 1
(c) 9 : 3 : 3 : 4
(d) 9 : 7.
Answer: D
Ques. Independent assortment of genes does not take place when
(a) genes are located on homologous chromosomes
(b) genes are linked and located on same chromosome
(c) genes are located on non-homogenous chromosome
(d) all of these.
Answer: B
Ques. Due to the cross between TTRr × ttrr the resultant progenies show what percent of tall, red flowered plants?
(a) 50%
(b) 75%
(c) 25%
(d) 100%
Answer: A
Ques. A gene pair hides the effect of another gene. The phenomenon is called
(a) dominance
(b) segregation
(c) epistasis
(d) mutation.
Answer: C
Ques. If Mendel had studied the seven traits using a plant with 12 chromosomes instead of 14, in what way would his interpretation have been different?
(a) He would not have discovered the law of independent assortment.
(b) He would have discovered sex linkage.
(c) He could have mapped the chromosome.
(d) He would have discovered blending or incomplete dominance.
Answer: A
Ques. Crossing over in diploid organism is responsible for
(a) segregation of alleles
(b) recombination of linked alleles
(c) dominance of genes
(d) linkage between genes.
Answer: B
Ques. A fruit fly is heterozygous for sex-linked genes, when mated with normal female fruit fly, the males specific chromosome will enter egg cell in the proportion
(a) 3 : 1
(b) 7 : 1
(c) 1 : 1
(d) 2 : 1.
Answer: C
Ques. When two dominant independently assorting genes react with each other, they are called
(a) collaborative genes
(b) complementary genes
(c) duplicate genes
(d) supplementary genes.
Answer: B
Ques. When two genetic loci produce identical phenotypes in cis and trans position, they are considered to be
(a) multiple alleles
(b) the parts of same gene
(c) pseudoalleles
(d) different genes.
Answer: C
Ques. The phenomenon, in which an allele of one gene suppresses the activity of an allele of another gene, is known as
(a) epistasis
(b) dominance
(c) suppression
(d) inactivation.
Answer: A
Ques. Which of the following is suitable for experiment on linkage?
(a) aaBB × aaBB
(b) AABB × aabb
(c) AaBb × AaBb
(d) AAbb × AaBB
Answer: B
Ques. Two dominant nonallelic genes are 50 map units apart. The linkage is
(a) cis type
(b) trans type
(c) complete
(d) absent/incomplete.
Answer: D
Ques. Mendel studied inheritance of seven pairs of traits in pea which can have 21 possible combinations. If you are told that in one of these combinations, independent assortment is not observed in later studies, your reaction will be
(a) independent assortment principle may be wrong
(b) Mendel might not have studied all the combinations
(c) it is impossible
(d) later studies may be wrong.
Answer: B
Ques. In a cross between AABB × aabb, the ratio of F2 genotypes between AABB, AaBB, Aabb and aabb would be
(a) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(b) 2 : 1 : 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 2 : 2 : 1
(d) 7 : 5 : 3 : 1.
Answer: C
Ques. Segregation of Mendelian factors (no linkage, no crossing over) occurs during
(a) anaphase I
(b) anaphase II
(c) diplotene
(d) metaphase I.
Answer: A
Ques. The allele which is unable to express its effect in the presence of another is called
(a) codominant
(b) supplementary
(c) complementary
(d) recessive.
Answer: D
Ques. Cross between AaBB and aaBB will form
(a) 1AaBB : 1aaBB
(b) all AaBB
(c) 3AaBB : 1aaBB
(d) 1AaBB : 3aaBB.
Answer: A
Ques. In a genetic cross having recessive epistasis, F2 phenotypic ratio would be
(a) 9 : 6 : 1
(b) 15 : 1
(c) 9 : 3 : 4
(d) 12 : 3 : 1.
Answer: C
Ques. Bateson used the terms coupling and repulsion for linkage and crossing over. Name the correct parental of coupling type alongwith its cross over or repulsion.
(a) Coupling AABB, aabb; Repulsion AABB, aabb
(b) Coupling AAbb, aaBB; Repulsion AaBb, aabb
(c) Coupling aaBB, aabb; Repulsion AABB, aabb
(d) Coupling AABB, aabb; Repulsion AAbb, aaBB
Answer: D
Ques. Segregation of Mendelian factor (Aa) occurs during
(a) diplotene
(b) anaphase I
(c) zygotene/pachytene
(d) anaphase II.
Answer: B
Ques. Two linked genes a and b show 20% recombination. the individuals of a dihybrid cross between ++/++ × ab/ab shall show gametes
(a) ++ : 80 : : ab : 20
(b) ++ : 50 : : ab : 50
(c) ++ : 40 : : ab : 40 : : + a : 10 : : + b : 10
(d) ++ : 30 : : ab : 30 : : + a : 20 : : + b : 20.
Answer: C
Ques. Which of the following characteristics represent ‘inheritance of blood groups’ in humans?
(i) Dominance
(ii) Co-dominance
(iii) Multiple allele
(iv) Incomplete dominance
(v) Polygenic inheritance
(a) (ii), (iii) and (v) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii), (iv) and (v) (d) (i), (iii) and (v)
Answer: B
Ques. Inheritance of skin colour in humans is an example of
(a) point mutation
(b) polygenic inheritance
(c) codominance
(d) chromosomal aberration.
Answer: B
Ques. How many different kinds of gametes will be produced by a plant having the genotype AABbCC?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Nine
Answer: A
Ques. Which one of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?
(a) Skin colour in humans
(b) Flower colour in Mirabilis jalapa
(c) Production of male honeybee
(d) Pod shape in garden pea
Answer: A
Ques. On selfing a plant of F1-generation with genotype “AABbCC”, the genotypic ratio in F2-generation will be
(a) 3 : 1
(b) 1 : 1
(c) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(d) 27 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 1.
Answer: A
Ques. In human beings, multiple genes are involved in the inheritance of
(a) sickle-cell anaemia
(b) skin colour
(c) colour blindness
(d) phenylketonuria.
Answer: B
1) The following table shows the genotypes for ABO blood grouping and their phenotypes .
Fill in the gaps left in the table..
2)A homozygous green seeded plant is crossed with yellow seeded plant. The progeny obtained was half yellow seeded and half green seeded .
i) Write the genotype of yellow seeded progeny.
ii)Write the technical name of the cross.
3 MARKS
1) In the following pedigree chart, state if the trait is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or sex linked. Give a reason for your answer
2) A man with blood group A married a woman with B group, they have a son with AB blood group and a daughter with blood group O, work out the possibility of inheritance with the help of a Punnet square.
3) In a hybrid cross the following recombination frequencies are observed, i.e. 10%, 22% and 6% of recombinants.
Ques. The genotype of a plant showing the dominant phenotype can be determined by
(a) test cross
(b) dihybrid cross
(c) pedigree analysis
(d) back cross.
Answer: A
Ques. Which one of the following cannot be explained on the basis of Mendel’s law of dominance?
(a) The discrete unit controlling a particular character is called a factor.
(b) Out of one pair of factors one is dominant, and the other recessive.
(c) Alleles do not show any blending and both the characters recover as such in F2 generation.
(d) Factors occur in pairs.
Answer: C
Ques. ABO blood grouping is controlled by gene I which has three alleles and show co-dominance. There are six genotypes. How many phenotypes in all are possible?
(a) Six
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer: C
Ques. A cross in which an organism showing a dominant phenotype is crossed with the recessive parent in order to know its genotype is called
(a) monohybrid cross
(b) back cross
(c) test cross
(d) dihybrid cross.
Answer: C
Ques. In Antirrhinum two plants with pink flowers were hybridized. The F1 plants produced red, pink and white flowers in the proportion of 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white. What could be the genotype of the two plants used for hybridisation? Red flower colour is determined by RR and white by rr genes.
(a) rrrr
(b) RR
(c) Rr
(d) rr
Answer: C
Ques. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green. If a heterozygous yellow seeded plant is crossed with a green seeded plant, what ratio of yellow and green seeded plants would you expect in F1 generation?
(a) 9 : 1
(b) 1 : 3
(c) 3 : 1
(d) 50 : 50
Answer: D
Ques. A common test to find the genotype of a hybrid is by
(a) crossing of one F2 progeny with female parent
(b) studying the sexual behaviour of F1 progenies
(c) crossing of one F1 progeny with male parent
(d) crossing of one F2 progeny with male parent.
Answer: C
Ques. Test cross involves
(a) crossing between two genotypes with dominant trait
(b) crossing between two genotypes with recessive trait
(c) crossing between two F1 hybrids
(d) crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype.
Answer: D
Ques. Phenotype of an organism is the result of
(a) genotype and environment interactions
(b) mutations and linkages
(c) cytoplasmic effects and nutrition
(d) environmental changes and sexual dimorphism.
Answer: A
Ques. A gene is said to be dominant if
(a) it expresses its effect only in homozygous state
(b) it expresses its effect only in heterozygous condition
(c) it expresses its effect both in homozygous and heterozygous condition
(d) it never expresses its effect in any condition.
Answer: C
Ques. When dominant and recessive alleles express itself together it is called
(a) co-dominance
(b) dominance
(c) amphidominance
(d) pseudodominance.
Answer: A
Ques. In hybridisation, Tt × tt gives rise to the progeny of ratio
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 1 : 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 1
(d) 1 : 2.
Answer: C
Ques. A child’s blood group is ‘O’. The parent’s blood groups cannot be
(a) A and B
(b) A and A
(c) AB and O
(d) B and O.
Answer: C
Ques. A child of O-group has B-group father. The genotype of father will be
(a) IOIO
(b) IBIB
(c) IAIB
(d) IBIO.
Answer: D
Ques. An allele is dominant if it is expressed in
(a) both homozygous and heterozygous states
(b) second generation
(c) heterozygous combination
(d) homozygous combination.
Answer: A
Ques. An organism with two identical alleles is
(a) dominant
(b) hybrid
(c) heterozygous
(d) homozygous.
Answer: D
Ques. A man of A-blood group marries a woman of AB blood group. Which type of progeny would indicate that man is heterozygous A?
(a) AB
(b) A
(c) O
(d) B
Answer: D
Ques. Multiple alleles control inheritance of
(a) phenylketonuria
(b) colour blindness
(c) sickle cell anaemia
(d) blood groups.
Answer: D
Ques. The contrasting pairs of factors in Mendelian crosses are called
(a) multiple alleles
(b) allelomorphs
(c) alloloci
(d) paramorphs.
Answer: C
Ques. Mendel’s last law is
(a) segregation
(b) dominance
(c) independent assortment
(d) polygenic inheritance.
Answer: A
Ques. Blue eye colour is recessive to brown eye colour. A brown eyed man whose mother was blue eyed marries a blue-eyed woman. The children will be
(a) both blue eyed and brown eyed 1 : 1
(b) all brown eyed
(c) all blue eyed
(d) blue eyed and brown eyed 3 : 1.
Answer: A
Ques. RR (Red) Antirrhinum is crossed with white (WW) one. Offspring RW are pink. This is an example of
(a) dominant-recessive
(b) incomplete dominance
(c) hybrid
(d) supplementary genes.
Answer: B
Ques. ABO blood group system is due to
(a) multifactor inheritance
(b) incomplete dominance
(c) multiple allelism
(d) epistasis.
Answer: C
Ques. tt mates with Tt. What will be characteristic of offspring?
(a) 75% recessive
(b) 50% recessive
(c) 25% recessive
(d) All dominant
Answer: B
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HOTS for Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Biology Class 12
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