CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Test and Measurement In Sports Assignment

Test and Measurement in Sports
In physical education, there is a need to test content knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills as well as attitudes related to physical activity. Many types of
tests may be effectively utilised in physical education.
Before conducting a test, the measurements for the test are fixed. These measurements are quantitative in nature and can be related to size, height, weight, vital capacity, achievements, etc.

Motor Fitness Test
Motor fitness refers to the capability of an athlete to perform effectively during sports or physical activity.
This test has the following seven items

1. 50 M Standing Start
• Purpose To determine acceleration and speed of an athlete.
• Procedure The student is asked to run 50 metres from a starting line and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

2. 600 M Run/Walk
• Purpose To measure endurance by running/walking to the longest distance.
• Procedure The student is asked to run and/or walk for 600 metres and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

3. Sit and Reach
• Purpose This test measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles.
• Procedure This test involves sitting on the floor with legs stretched out straight ahead.
The soles of the feet should be placed flat against the box. Both knees should be locked and pressed flat to the floor.
With the palms facing downwards and the hands on the top of each other or side by side, the student should reach forward along the measuring line as far as possible.

4. Partial Curl Up
• Purpose This test measures abdominal strength and endurance.
• Procedure The student lies in supine pose on cushioned surface. The kness should be flexed and feet should be 12 inches from the buttocks.
Both the feet should be slightly apart.
Arms should be extended and rested on thighs.
Head should be in neutral position. This is the starting position.
Then, the student curls up with a slow controlled movement, until his/her shoulders come off the cushioned surface or mat two inches, then back down again.

5. Push Ups (Boys)
• Purpose This test measures upper body strength and endurance.
• Procedure The student is required to take position after proper warming up. In a push up position, hands and toes should touch the mat/floor. Hands should be shoulder width apart.
The upper body and legs should be in a straight line. Elbow should be fully extended keeping the back and knees straight.
Student should lower the upper body, so that elbows may bend to 90 degrees or chest may touch the mat/floor.

Modified Push Ups (Girls)

• Purpose This test is used to measure upper body strength and endurance.
• Procedure Hands and knees should touch the mat/floor. Both hands should be shoulder width apart and eblows fully extended. The body from the knees,
to the hips and to the shoulders should be in a straight line.
Student should lower the upper body, so that the elbows may bend to 90 degrees.

6. Standing Broad Jump
• Purpose To measure leg strength.
• Procedure The student is asked to stand behind the
restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knees and swings arms before jumping. The youth lands on both feet together. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

7. 4 X 10 M Shuttle Run
• Purpose To measure speed and agility.
• Procedure Two parallel lines are marked 3 meters in length, 10 meters apart and two wooden blocks are kept on one side of a marked line.
The student stands behind the line opposite to where wooden blocks are placed.
At the start signal, the youth runs towards the wooden block and picks up one of them and carries it back to the line from where the test started.
Then he/she places it behind the line, runs back, picks up the second block and carries back to the starting line. The total distance to be covered is 40m.

Measurement of Cardiovascular Fitness
Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movements. This type of fitness is required to sustain physical activity and is essential for performing aerobic activities.

Harvard Step Test
This test is also known as Aerobic Fitness test. It was developed by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to measure the cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by checking the recovery rate.
Equipment Required Bench 20 inches high, for men and 16 inches for women, stopwatch and cadence tape.

Procedure
The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down on the bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute for 5 minutes. After that the athlete sits down immediately after 5 minutes. The total number of heartbeats are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion of the last step. The heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds period. This is done three times and the data is noted.
The same foot must start the step up each time, and an erect posture must be assumed on the bench.

Rockport Test
This test also known as Rockport One Mile Test or Rockport Fitness Walking Test is used for testing cardiovascular fitness. It requires minimal equipment and is easy for middle-aged and older adults. This test tells us about the aerobic fitness of a sedentary individual. The objective of this test is to check or observe the development of the individual’s VO2 max or maximum volume of oxygen.
Equipment Required 400m track, stopwatch and weighing scale.
Procedure While conducting or administering this test, it should be a windless day. First of all, take the body weight of the individual on a perfect weighing machine.
The weight should be taken with minimum clothes on body of the individual. The individual has to run the distance of one mile i.e., 1,609 metres in minimum time. So, record the time of one mile with a stopwatch.
Immediately after finishing the one mile walk/run, record the heart rate (beats per minute) with manual or monitor method.

Computation of Fitness Index
The fitness index is a method to measure the cardiovascular fitness. It is useful in Harvard Step Test. After computing the fitness index, the results can be compared for further studies.
To calculate the fitness index, the number of heartbeats per minute is required in three phases.
Fitness index is computed using the following formula

For Longterm
FI = Duration of exercise in seconds X 100 / 2 X Sum of pulse counts

For Short-term
FI = Duration of exercise in seconds X 100 / 5.5 X Pulse count between 1 and 1.5 minutes

Rikli and Jones– Senior Citizen Fitness Test
Rikli and Jones prepared various physical fitness tests for senior citizens in 2001. Also known as Fullerton
Functional Test, this test helps in early identification of at-risk factors. It includes various tests that are discussed below

1. Chair Stand Test For Lower Body Strength
The main purpose of this test is to measure the lower body strength, particularly the strength of legs.
Equipment Required: A chair with a straight back and a seat of at least 44 cm and a stopwatch.
Procedure: Keep the chair against the wall. The participant sits in the middle of the seat. His feet should be shoulder width apart and flat on the floor. The arms should be crossed at the wrists and held close to the chest. From the sitting position, the participant should stand up completely and then sit down completely at the start of the signal. This is repeated for 30 seconds. Count the total number of complete chair stands.

2. ArmCurl Test For Upper Body Strength
The arm curl test is a test to measure the upper body strength and endurance. It is designed to test the functional fitness of aged people.
Equipment Required: A 5-pound weight for women and a 8-pound weight for men, a chair without arms and a stopwatch.
Procedure: Arm curl is performed with the dominant arm side. The participant sits on the chair, holds the weight in the hand with the palms should be facing towards the body. The arm should be in a vertically downward position. The upper arm should not move but lower arm should move freely. Curl the arm up through a complete range of motion gradually keeping the palm up. When the arm is lowered through the complete range of motion, gradually return to the starting position. The arm should be completely bent and then completely straightened at the elbow. This complete action should be repeated by the participant as many times as possible within 30 seconds.

3. Chair Sit and Reach Test For Lower Body Flexibility It is performed to assess the lower body flexibility.
Equipment required: Ruler, a chair with straight back approximately 44 cm high.
Procedure: The participant sits on the edge of the chair. One foot should remain flat on the floor while the other leg should be extended forward with the knee in straight position. Heel should be on the floor and ankle should be bent at 90°. Place one hand on the top of the other with tips of the middle fingers at the same level. Instruct the participant to inhale and then as he exhales, reach forward towards the toes by bending at the hip. His back should be straight and head up keep the knee straight and hold the reach for 2 seconds. The distance is measured between the tip of the finger tips and the toes.

4. Back Scratch Test For Upper Body Flexibility 
This test helps to assess the upper body (shoulder) flexibility.
Equipment Required: A ruler.
Procedure: This test is performed in a standing position. Keep one hand behind the head and lower it down gradually over the shoulder and reach as far as
possible at the middle of your back. Your palm should touch your body and the fingers should be downwards. Then carry your other arm behind your back with palm facing outward and fingers facing upward and try to reach up as far as possible in order to touch or overlap the middle finger of the other hand. Fingers should be aligned. Measure the distance between the tips of the fingers.

5. Eight Foot Up and Go Test For Agility
This test is conducted to assess coordination and agility in aged people. It also helps to evaluate speed, agility and balance of a person while moving.
Equipment Required: A chair with straight back (about
44 cm high), a stopwatch, cone marker, measuring tape and an area without any hindrances.
Procedure: Keep a chair next to the wall and place the cone marker 8 feet away in front of the chair. The participant is initially completely seated, hands resting on the knees and feet flat on the ground. On the command ‘Go‘, stopwatch is switched and the participant stands and walks as quickly as possible towards the cone, turns around and returns to the chair to sit down. Time is noted as he sits down on the chair.

6. Six-minuteWalk Test For Aerobic Endurance It is designed to test the functional aerobic fitness or endurance of senior citizens.
Equipment Required: A measuring tape, a stopwatch. 
Procedure: The walking distance or course is marked i.e., 45.72 m or 50 yards in a rectangular area (20 X 5 yards) of 5 yards with cones placed at regular intervals to indicate the distance covered. Efforts are made to walk maximum distance as quickly as possible in six minutes.