CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Planning in Sports Assignment

Planning in Sports

Meaning and Objectives of Planning 
Planning means to organise the activities in order to reach a particular goal. It is like deciding in advance, what is to be done, how it is to be done and by whom it is to be done.

Objectives of planning are as follows
(i) To reduce unnecessary pressure of immediacy.
(ii) To maintain good control over all the activities.
(iii) To reduce the chances of mistakes.
(iv) To increase efficiency.
(v) To enhance creativity
(vi) To ensure proper coordination.
(vii) To enhance sports performance.

Various Committees and their Responsibilities
All sports and tournaments are planned by a General Committee, headed by an Administrative Director. The General Committee comprises Executive committees which organise events and are responsible for its success.
Some executive committees are given below
(i) Committee for Publicity To advertise the sports events.
(ii) Transport Committee To make necessary arrangements for transportation of officials, competitors and guests.
(iii) Grounds and Equipment Committee For proper upkeep of the venues and making the necessary equipment available.
(iv) Refreshments and Entertainment Committee Charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials, competitors, etc. It also makes arrangement for opening and closing ceremonies.
(v) Reception Committee To welcome the Chief Guest and the spectators at the opening and closing ceremonies.
(vi) Committee on Entries and Programmes This committee makes a list of entries and prepares fixtures of teams participating in the competition.
(vii) Committee for Officials Selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
(viii) Announcement Committee Makes all the announcements during the period of sports events.
(ix) First Aid Committee Provides first aid to the injured or affected athlete.
(x) Finance Committee It makes the budget and controls the expenses of a tournament.
(xi) Boarding and Lodging Committee Makes arrangements of accommodation and meals of athletes and officials.
(xii) Decoration and Ceremony Committee Makes arrangements of decoration of stadium, opening, victory and closing ceremonies, and trophies, medals and certificates.

Pre, During and Post-meet Responsibilities of Committees
The entire arrangement and planning for a sports event is organised in three phases; pre, during and post-meet work. They are discussed below Pre-meet Responsibilities

Pre-meet responsibilities are as follows
l To prepare the budget for organising the sports event.
l To prepare a schedule of programmes of the sports tournaments (date and venue) and inform the same to teams.
l To make arrangements of track/court, sports equipments, boarding and meals, and prizes and certificates for the tournaments.
l To form various committees and list their tasks accordingly.

Duringmeet Responsibilities
l To check that all the equipments and the places where sports events are held, are in proper condition.
l To keep a record of all the events, and winners.
l To check that the events are taking place as per schedule.
l To ensure proper arrangements during tournaments including refreshments, proper announcements, first aid etc.
l To provide updated information to the electronic and print media.

Postmeet Responsibilities
l To check that the outstanding bills are paid.
l To prepare a report of income and expenses.
l To give away prizes and certificates to winners.
l To provide detailed results and other informations to the media.
l To present mementos to the chief guest.

Tournaments
A tournament is a competition held between various teams in a particular activity, according to a fixed schedule in which a winner is decided.
Before organising a tournament, it is very essential to prepare a good plan. There are various ways to organise a tournament.

Types of Tournament
Some types of tournaments are discussed below

Knock-out or Elimination Tournaments
A Single elimination tournament or a Knock-out tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the losing team is immediately eliminated from the tournament.

Advantages of Knock-out Tournaments
Some advantages of Knock-out tournaments are as follows:
(i) Minimum number of officials are required.
(ii) Takes less time to complete the tournaments.
(iii) It helps in enhancing the standard of sports.

Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournaments
Some disadvantages of Knock-out tournaments are as follows:
(i) Good teams can get eliminated early.
(ii) Weak teams can enter the final round.
(iii) Spectators might lose interest.

League or Round Robin Tournaments
A league tournament, also called as Round Robin tournament, is a type of tournament in which each team gets a chance to play with every other team at
least once. In this type of tournament, there should be sufficient time to complete the tournament.
There are two types of league tournaments
(i) Single league (ii) Double league

Single League Tournament In a single league round robin schedule, each participant team meets every other participant team once. If each participant plays with others twice, it is called a Double league tournament. The league phase of the IPL tournament is one example of such a tournament.

Advantages of League Tournaments
Some advantages of league tournaments are as follows:
(i) Improves competitiveness and increases opportunities for winning, improving performance and showing efficiency.
(ii) It is easier for the sports officials to decide the winner.
(iii) A team does not need to wait to win against another team for playing a match and only strong teams get victory.
(iv) Sports are made popular with increasing matches.

Disadvantages of League Tournaments
Some disadvantages of league tournaments are as follows:
(i) It requires more money and time as more arrangements have to be made due to more number of matches.
(ii) Reduces moral of the lost team which affects sports performance.

Combination Tournaments
Combination tournaments refer to tournaments that are held when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis. These types of tournaments are held when a large number of participants are there or they are coming from different areas of the country. Usually the following combination of tournaments are used:
(i) Knock-out cum Knock-out
(ii) League cum League
(iii) Knock-out cum League
(iv) League cum Knock-out

Procedure to Draw Fixtures
Any tournament, whether it is knock-out or league, is arranged according to a set procedure which is known as fixture. For a knock-out tournament, the procedure to draw fixtures is through bye and seeding. For a league tournaments, the procedure to be draw fixtures is through staircase or cyclic method.
Fixture is the process of arranging the teams in systematic order in various groups for competition in a physical activity.

Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament
In order to draw fixtures in a knock-out tournament, following principles need to be kept in mind
l Total numbers of team participating in the tournament.
l Total number of byes.
l The number of teams in each half or quarter.
l The number of byes to be given in each half or quarter.
l The number of rounds in the tournament.
l The total number of matches.
l In order to draw fixtures in a knock-out tournament, first it is essential to calculate.

(i) Total Number of Matches The number of matches to be played during the entire tournament is calculated by subtracting 1 from total number of teams (N–1).

(ii) Number of Rounds If the number of teams is a power of 2, then number of rounds will exactly be the power of 2 for that number. If the total number of teams is 16, then there will be 4 rounds (2 16) 4 = .
If number of teams is not a power of 2, then number of rounds will be equal to the next power of two.
For 21 teams, 5 rounds will be played as the next power of 2 is 32 (2)5 .

(iii) Number of Teams in Each Half All the teams are divided into two halves for the sake of convenience.
If the number of teams is even, then the number of teams in upper and lower half will be equal. For instance, if the total number of teams are 20, then apply the formula
N/2.

(iv) Number of Teams in Each Quarter If the number of teams is odd, then they are divided into upper and lower halves.
Number of teams in the upper half can be calculated by
(N + 1) / 2.
Number of teams in the lower half can be calculated by
(N - 1) /2.
Herein, N is the total number of teams.

Methods for Drawing fixtures
In a Knock-out tournament, the fixtures are drawn by any of the following methods.

1. Bye Method
The Bye method is generally used when the total number of teams in a tournament is not a power of 2.
A Bye is a kind of priviledge given to teams in the first round. The team receiving a Bye becomes a dummy team that directly plays in the second round.
The number of byes that should be given in a tournament is decided by finding the difference between the number of teams and the next power of two.
Example : If teams are 11, then the number of byes will be given by next power of 2 - 11.
2⁴ - 11
16 - 11= 5
Hence, 5 byes will be given.

Method of Fixing Byes
The number of the teams are placed in upper and lower half according to the draw of lots. Then following procedure is adopted for fixing the byes.
l The last team of lower half gets first bye.
l The first team of upper half gets second bye.
l The first team of lower half gets third bye.
l The last team of upper half gets fourth bye.
l The process is followed till all Byes are given.

2. Seeding Method
The Seeding method is used in a Knock out tournament to prevent the elimination of strong teams in the preliminary round. Through this method, strong teams, on the basis of their previous performance, are kept at a set appropriate place in the fixture.

Method of Fixing Seeding
If two teams are to be seeded, then Ist team is kept on the top of the upper half and 2nd is kept in the last of the lower half.
Similarly, if 4 teams are to be seeded, the first two teams will be placed at aforementioned place and 3rd and 4th team will be kept on the top of the lower half and at the lowest place in upper half respectively.
Generally, the seeded teams are in the power of 2 i.e. 4, 8, 16 etc.

Special Seeding
It is a method of seeding in which certain players or teams directly participate in the quarter final or semi-final matches.

Fixtures in League Tournaments
The three methods used for drawing up fixtures are
1. Staircase Method
2. Cyclic Method
3. Tabular Method

1. Staircase Method
In this method, the fixtures are made first like a staircase. They are arranged in sequential form and has no concept of Bye.
Therefore, it is easiest to arrange.

Example : Draw up a fixture of 9 teams on Round  Robin basis using staircase method.
The number of teams = 9
Thus, number of matches = N(N -1)/2
= 9(9-1)/2 = 9 x 8 / 2 = 36 Matches

The fixture is given below

2. Cyclic Method
In this method, if the number of teams is even team 1 is fixed on the top right side and the other teams move in clockwise direction down one side and up on the other side. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N-1 if there are N teams participating. However, if the number of teams is odd a ‘bye’ is fixed at the top and all teams follow it in sequence. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N.
Example 1 Fixture of 6 teams using cyclic method.
Total number of teams = 6
Total number of matches = 15

Deciding theWinner
The method to decide the winner in league tournaments is by calculating the percentage of matches won.

Percentage = Matches won /Matches played X 100

Normally, there are two points for every match won and zero for every match lost. But in case of a draw, each team is given one point. However there can be several other ways of calculating the winner.
 

MCQs

Question. Which of the following is the work of During-Tournament committee?
(a) Opening ceremony preparation
(b) Announcement of the events
(c) Making necessary announcements
(d) Registration of participants
Answer : C

Question. Your school has got the responsibility to organise Zonal basketball matches. For this, the sports wing of the school has formed various committees. Each member of the committees is assigned different task. The committees are formed to ensure smooth conduct of the tournament. To help the teams to know about the fooding and stay arrangements, fooding and lodging committee is formed. Similarly, few students will be assigned with ........... committee for prize distribution.
(a) Ceremonial
(b) Transport
(c) Registration
(d) Budget
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is not an objective of planning?
(a) Ensure coordination
(b) Enhance creativity
(c) Manage schedule
(d) Reduce mistakes
Answer : C

Question. What is the formula to determine the number of matches to be played in staircase method?
(a) N +1/2
(b) N(N -1)/2
(c) N -1/2
(d) N/2
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following statements is false?
(a) Tournaments develop sports skills
(b) Staircase and cyclic are methods of fixtures
(c) Bye method is used in league tournaments
(d) Tournaments help develop social skills
Answer : C

Question. If two teams have equal points in a football tournament then, how is the winner decided?
(a) Tie breaker
(b) Previous performance
(c) Toss
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer : D

Question. The disadvantage of knock out tournament is ........... .
(a) huge budgetary needs
(b) elimination in initial rounds
(c) more officials required
(d) All of these
Answer : B

Question. In a tournament of 21 teams, how many rounds will be played?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 10
(d) 4
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is an objective of forming sports committees?
(a) Establish goals
(b) Defining tasks
(c) Execution of plans
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A) The General committee takes complete responsibility for the success of a tournament.
Reason (R) The Organising committees are mainly responsible for the successful conduct of a sport event.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer : B

Question. Competition develops the spirit of fighting in individuals. It is a way of achieving excellence. Competition teaches us how to keep calm in pressure. In sports, competitions improve the performances of teams and players. Competitive tournaments are an integral part of  school and colleges. The success of the tournament depends upon suitable fixtures. A privilege given to a team so that it can skip the initial rounds of a tournament is called
(a) Bye
(b) Award
(c) Consolation
(d) Seeding
Answer : C

Question. The formula for determining the number of matches in a double league tournament is
(a) N(N -1)/2
(b) N -1 
(c) N/2
(d) N(N -1)
Answer : D

Question. Tournaments are essential to know about the level of sports. They provide healthy competition and motivate participants to give their best performances. Tournaments are arranged in a specific format. In the arrangement of teams shown below, identify the type of tournament.

(a) League tournament
(b) Knock out tournament
(c) Combination tournament
(d) Challenge tournament
Answer : B

Question. In a fixture of 5 teams how many matches will be played by cyclic method?
(a) 15
(b) 6
(c) 10
(d) 8
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A) In Knock out tournament minimum number of officials are required in organising tournaments.
Reason (R) In Knock out tournament the team once defeat immediately eliminated from the tournament.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer : A
 

Case Study Based Questions