CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Biomechanics in Sports Assignment

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Assignment for Class 12 Physical Education Biomechanics In Sports

Class 12 Physical Education students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for Biomechanics In Sports in Class 12. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 12 Physical Education will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Biomechanics In Sports Class 12 Physical Education Assignment

Meaning of Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the branch of Kinesiology which deals with the precise information of human movements using scientific methods. In sports and exercise, biomechanics refers to the study of human movements, including the interaction between the athlete, sports equipment and the exercise environment.

Importance of Biomechanics in Sports
Biomechanics play a crucial role in the field of physical education and sports.
Physical educators teach a wide variety of human movements, and biomechanics provides a rationale critical for evaluating these techniques and prescribing intervention to athletes to improve their performance with minimal injuries.
It helps trainers and coaches to improve the physical performance of athletes using the various biomechanical techniques of different sports.

Types of Movements
Physical activity is made possible by movements and motions.
Every movement takes place in one plane and around one axis. They are categorised by movement type as follows
(i) Flexion It takes place when the angle decreases between the two bones attached to a joint and the body parts come closer.
(ii) Extension It takes place when the angle between the two bones attached to a joint increases. As a results, the body parts move further apart.
(iii) Adduction It is a movement of a part toward the middle of the body.
(iv) Abduction It is a movement of a part away from the middle of the body.

Newton's Laws of Motion and their Application in Sports Laws of Motion
Sir Issac Newton made three laws of motion which are explained below
(i) Newton’s First Law of Motion This law is known as law of inertia. This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction till any external force is applied on it to change that state.
(ii) Newton’s Second Law of Motion This law states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to mass.
a = F/m where a ∝ F. a ∝ 1/m
(iii) Newton’s Third Law of Motion This law states that for every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.

Application of Laws of Motion in Sports
First Law
(i) Softball The ball is hit into the air. Eventually, gravity will act on the ball, pulling it down to the ground. Then, it will roll until friction between the ball and the grass stops it.
(ii) Soccer When a soccer ball is kicked into the air, gravity will pull it back to the ground. Then, it will continue to roll until friction between the ball and the grass slows it down.
(iii) Dance When a dancer leaps, he/she only stays in the air for a short amount of time because air resistance and gravity works against them.
(iv) Basketball When a basketball is shot, it takes a parabolic path due to gravity acting on it. Then it slows down due to air resistance and fluid friction.

Second Law
If a baseball player hits a ball with double the force, the rate at which the ball will accelerate (speed up) will be doubled. Football players can slow down, stop or reverse the direction of other players depending upon how much force they can generate and in which direction. Further, in sports involving weights, the more the weight, the slower it will move.

Third Law
A swimmer propels herself through the water because the water offers enough counterforce to oppose the action of her hands pushing, allowing her to move. An athlete can jump higher off a solid surface because it opposes his body with as much force as he is able to generate, in contrast to sand or other unstable surface. It is also applied in Dribbling of a basketball, shooting and walking sports.

 

Question. Elaborate the term Biomechanics.
Answer. Biomechanics is the science that examines the internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects produced by these forces.
 
Question. Elucidate projectile motion.
Answer. When a body is thrown at a certain angle with a certain amount of force into the air, it travels in the air and covers some distance following a curved path called a parabola. This is called projectile motion.
 
Question. Define linear motion.
Answer. Linear motion occurs when all the parts of a body move the same distance in the same direction in the same time. The term linear refers to a straight line.
 
Question. Give one most important mechanical difference between walking and running.
Answer. The body is totally airborne for a period of time during running, whereas at least one foot contacts the ground for the whole cycle during walking.
 
Question. Describe the factors affecting the trajectory of a projectile.
Answer. Factors affecting projectile trajectory are
(ì) Propelling Force The propelling force produces certain effects depending upon its point and direction of application. If the application is directly through the projectile's centre of gravity, only linear motion results from the force. As the projecting force is moved further from the centre of gravity, rotator motion of the object increases at the expense of linear motion. If the force is below the object's centre of gravity, backspin is results. Forward spin results when the force is above the centre of gravity. When the force is off centre to the left, clockwise spin results and when it is off centre to right, counter clockwise spin occurs. Force of Gravity As soon as contact is broken with a projected object, the force of gravity begins to diminish the upward velocity of the object. Finally, gravity overcomes the effects of the upward component of the projectile's motion and the object begins to descend. The factors that determine how soon gravity will cause the object to descend are -
(a) Weight (mass) of the object
(b) amount of force driving it upward
(C) the effect of air resistance on the object.
(iii) Effect of Air Resistance As the speed of an object increases, air resistance has a greater retarding effect. The more surface area an object presents in the direction of movement, the greater will be the effect of air resistance.
 
Question. Mechanically analyze an athlete walking on the road.
Answer. Walking can be studied in two phases, called as stance phase and swing phase. It proceeds as given below-
(ì) Heel Strike This stage starts the stance phase. It begins when the heel first touches the ground and continues until the complete foot is on the ground.
Early Flat Foot It starts from the moment when the complete foot is on the ground. It occurs when the body's centre of gravity passes over the top of the toe. The main purpose is to the foot to act as a shock absorber,
(iii) Late Flat Foot This stage starts when the body's Centre of Gravity passes in front of the neutral position. This stage lasts till when the heel lifts of f the ground.
(iv) Heel Rise: This stage starts when the heel begins to leave the ground. In this stage, the ground forces that go through the foot are very significant.
(v) Toe Off This stage begins when the toes leave the ground completely. This stage continues until the beginning of the swing phase.
(vi) Swing Phase: This stage starts when one foot is on the ground and the other one in the air. This is shorter than tine stance phase.
 
Question. Elucidate the types of friction.
Answer. The force acting along two surfaces in contact which oppose\ the motion of one body over the other is called the force of friction. It is very important in sports. That · lagged the area of contact between the surfaces, the greater is the force of friction. When both the surfaces are smooth, the force of friction reduces to almost zero.
 
Three types of friction are
 
(i) Static Friction The opposing force that comes into plc when one body tends to move over the another surface but the actual motion has not yet red
(ii) Limiting Friction Limiting friction is the maximum of thing force that comes into play when one body is just on the verge of moving over the surface of another body.
iii) Kinetic Friction Kinetic friction is the opposing force at comes into play when one body is actually moving over the surface of another body.
 
Question.. Discuss the mechanical analysis of Punning.
Answer. Running is an important skill in almost every sports event. The mechanics of running are similar in several respects to those of walking. The most notable factors differentiating a run from a walk is the period of double support, which is not present in running.
 
Running has the following phases
 
(ì) Swing Phase The swing phase begins with the toe off the ground and ends with the foot landing. Since the body moves faster in running, the leg should move forward with more speed. It is flexed considerably more as compared to walking. The leg's weight is brought closer to the hip, since the lever is shortened by flexion of the knee, reducing the moment of inertia and increasing the angular velocity.
Support Phase The foot strikes the ground under the knee and under the centre of gravity. The leg strikes the ground with the bail of the foot. During the propulsive action, the vertical components should be kept as small as possible, being just enough to counteract gravity's downward pull so that a great proportion of the force can be used effectively in driving the body forward, rather than be wasted in producing a bouncing run. Arms swing must be co-ordinated with the legs to keep the balance of the rotatory effect of the Leg 'swing on the trunk. Since the legs are moving faster, the arms must move faster.
 

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CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Biomechanics In Sports Assignment

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Assignment for Physical Education CBSE Class 12 Biomechanics In Sports

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Biomechanics In Sports Assignment Physical Education CBSE Class 12

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Biomechanics In Sports Assignment CBSE Class 12 Physical Education

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CBSE Physical Education Class 12 Biomechanics In Sports Assignment

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