Please refer to CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Carbon And its Compounds. Download HOTS questions and answers for Class 10 Science. Read CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs for Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound below and download in pdf. High Order Thinking Skills questions come in exams for Science in Class 10 and if prepared properly can help you to score more marks. You can refer to more chapter wise Class 10 Science HOTS Questions with solutions and also get latest topic wise important study material as per NCERT book for Class 10 Science and all other subjects for free on Studiestoday designed as per latest CBSE, NCERT and KVS syllabus and pattern for Class 10
Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound Class 10 Science HOTS
Class 10 Science students should refer to the following high order thinking skills questions with answers for Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound in Class 10. These HOTS questions with answers for Class 10 Science will come in exams and help you to score good marks
HOTS Questions Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound Class 10 Science with Answers
MCQ Questions for NCERT Class 10 Science Carbon and its compounds
Question. Which of the following will undergo addition reactions?
(a) CH4
(b) C3H8
(C) C2H6
(d) C2H4
Answer : D
Question. Addition reactions are undergone by
(a) saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
(b) only alkenes
(c) only alkynes
(d) both alkenes and alkynes
Answer : D
Question. Artificial flavour for orange is obtained from
(a) amyl acetate
(b) isoamyl valerate
(c) methyl butyrate
(d) octyl acetate
Answer : D
Question. The ionic part of synthetic detergent is
(a) -S{{O}_{3}}^{-}N{{a}^{+}}
(b) -CO{{O}^{-}}N{{a}^{+}}
(c) -CO{{O}^{-}}{{H}^{+}}
(d) -CO{{O}^{-}}C{{H}_{3}}^{+}
Answer : A
Question. The difference in the formula and molecular masses of CH3OH and C2H5OH is
(a) CH3 and 16u
(b) CH2 and 14u
(c) CH4 and 18u
(d) CH3 and 16u
Answer : B
Question. Which of the following represents saponification reaction?
(a) CH3COONa+NaOH Cao→ CH4+Na2CO3
(b) CH3COOH+C2H5OH H2SO4 → CH3COOC2H5+H2O
(c) 2CH3COOH+2Na→CH3COONa+H2
(d) CH3COOC2H5+NaOH→CH3COONa+C2H5OH
Answer : D
Question. Which of the following statements about graphite and diamond is true?
(a) They have the same crystal structure
(b) They have the same degree of hardness
(c) They have the same electrical conductivity
(d) They can undergo the same chemical reactions
Answer : D
Question. Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has
(a) 5 covalent bonds
(b) 12 covalent bonds
(c) 16 covalent bonds
(d) 17 covalent bonds
Answer : C
Question. Give the IUPAC name of CH3COOC2H5.
(a) Ethyl ethanoic acid
(b) Butanoate
(c) Ethyl ethanoate
(d) Etyl methyl carboxylic acid
Answer : C
Question. The number of covalent bonds in C4H10 is
(a) 10
(b) 8
(c) 13
(d) 12
Answer : C
Question. The firSt member of the alkyne homologous series is
(a) propyne
(b) ethyne
(c) methane
(d) ethene
Answer : B
Question. Drinking alcohol is very harmful and it ruins the health. “Drinking alcohol” stands for
(a) drinking methyl alcohol
(b) drinking ethyl alcohol
(c) drinking propyl alcohol
(d) drinking isopropyl alcohol
Answer : B
Question. Which amongst the following will conduct electricity?
(a) C6H12O6
(b) KCl(s)
(c) C2H5OH
(d) NaCl (aq)
Answer : D
Question. The heteroatoms present in CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2Cl are
(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer : D
Question. Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50 % – 60 % acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5 % – 8 % acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5 % – 8 % acetic acid in water
(d) 50 % – 60 % acetic acid in water
Answer : C
Question. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin
Answer : C
Question. —CHO represents the functional group
(a) esters
(b) carboxylic acid
(c) alcohols
(d) aldehydes
Answer : D
Question. Whichofthefollowingarecorrectstructural isomers of butane?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer : C
Question. Intheaboegivenreaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as
(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst
(d) dehydrating agent
Answer : B
Question. Ethanol reacts with Na metal to form
(a) CH3ONa + H2
(b) C2H5ONa + H2
(c) CH3COONa + H2
(d) CH3C00H + H2O
Answer : B
Question. Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These
(i) are good conductors of electricity
(ii) are poor conductors of electricity
(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(iv) do nothave strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Answer : D
Question. Which of the following is ethanol?
(a) CH3CHO
(b) CH3COOH
(c) CH3CH2OH
(d) CH3COOCH3
Answer : C
Question. The alcoholic drinks contain
(a) CH3OH
(b) CH3CH2OH
(c) CH3COOH
(d) CH3COOH3
Answer : C
Question. Which of the following contains covalent bond?
(a) MgCl2
(b) CaF2
(c) Al2O3
(d) HCl
Answer : D
Question. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid
Answer : B
Question. Whichamongthefollowingareunsaturated hydrocarbons?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer : C
Question. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2H6
(c) C3H8
(d) C4H8
Answer : D
Question. Bonds which are formed by sharing of an electron pair between two atom is known as
(b) Ionic
(b) Covalent
(b) Coordinate
(d) electrovalent
Answer: B
Question. Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of:
(a) Carbon monoxide only
(b) Carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon dioxide only
(d) Coal
Answer: C
Question. Chlorine forms……………. Molecule:
(a) Diatomic
(b) Monoatomic
(b) Triatomic
(d) Tetraatomic
Answer: A
Question. From which of the following substance pencil lead is formed?
(a) Charcoal
(b) Wood
(b) Lead
(d) Graphite
Answer: D
Question. Identify the carbon compound in which carbon not exhibit the property of catenation as well multiple bond formation
(a) Propene
(b) Benzene
(b) Acetone
(d) Methane
Answer: D
Question. What is true about covalent compounds? They:
(a) have high melting and boiling point
(b) are mostly soluble in water
(b) are formed between atoms of metals and non-metals
(d) are formed by the sharing of electrons in the bonding atoms
Answer: D
Question. The property of self-linkage among identical atoms to form long chain compounds is known as:
(a) Catenation
(b) Isomerisation
(b) Superposition
(d) Halogenation
Answer: A
Question. …….....…. is an allotrope of carbon:
(a) Fullerenes
(b) Diamond
(b) Graphite
(d) All of them
Answer: D
Question. Covalent compounds are __________ conductors of electricity.
(a) Good
(b) Bad
(c) Moderate
(d) None of them
Answer: B
Question. Self-linking property of carbon is called…………
(a) Catenation
(b) Versatile
(b) Homologus
(d) None of these
Answer: A
Assertion and Reasoning Based Question :
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
Question. Assertion: Ethanoic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in presence of cone H2SO4 to form ethyl ethanoate.
Reason: Esters are used in ice creames and cold drinks.
Answer : B
Question. Assertion: Vegetable oils are unsaturated, react with hydrogen in presence of nickel to form vegetable ghee.
Reason: This reaction is saponification.
Answer : C
Question. Assertion: Soaps are 100% biodegradable but do not work well with hard water.
Reason: Some detergents are not bio-degradable but work well with hard water.
Answer : B
Question. Assertion: Methane is simplest saturated hydrocarbon which is a major component of natural gas.
Reason: Methane belongs to alkene.
Answer : B
Question. Assertion: Ethanol is present in alcoholic drinks.
Reason: Ethanol has formula CH3OH.
Answer : C
Question. Assertion: Coal generally burns red hot without flame
Reason: Coal contains sulphur and nitrogen which produce volatile oxides on burning
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: General formula of alkanes is CnH2n + 2.
Reason: It is because they are saturated compounds.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: B
Question. Assertion: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels.
Reason: They give lot of heat and light when burnt in air.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: Catenation is shown by carbon.
Reason: Catenation is shown by carbon because it has valency of 5.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: C
Question. Assertion: Graphite and diamond are the allotropes of carbon.
Reason: It is because they have large network like structure.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: C
Question. Assertion: Covalent compounds have high melting and boiling points.
Reason: It is because the forces present in covalent bonds are held together by weak Van der Waals forces.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: D
Question. Assertion: Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
Reason: It is because they do not form the ions.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: Carbon forms ionic compounds.
Reason: It is because of its valency of 4.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: D
Question. Assertion: Mass number of a carbon is 12.
Reason: Carbon possesses equal number of all three fundamental particles.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: Following are the members of a homologous series :
CH3OH,CH3CH2OH,CH3CH2CH2OH
Reason: A series of compounds with same functional group but differing by —CH2—unit is called a homologous series.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: Carbon forms large number of compounds
Reason: Carbon has small size and is tetravalent
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: B
Question. Assertion: Carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications.
Reason: When carbon is heated in presence of excess of air or oxygen, it forms carbon dioxide. During its formation, a large amount of heat and light are released. Further, once ignited, carbon and its compounds keep on burning without needing additional heat energy.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
Question. Assertion: In a homologous series of alcohols, the formula for the second member is C2H5OH and the third member is C3H7OH.*
Reason: The difference between the molecular masses of the two consecutive members of a homologous series is 144.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: C
Question. Assertion: Graphite and diamond have same chemical properties
Reason: Graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
Answer: A
True and False :
Question. The IUPAC name of ethylene is ethyne.
Answer: False
Question. When the oxygen supply is insufficient, then fuel bum incompletely producing mainly a blue flame.
Answer: False
Question. The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to produce saturated hydrocarbon is known as hydrogenation.
Answer: True
Question. Buckminster fullerene is an isomer of carbon containing clusters of carbon atom joined together to forms spherical molecules.
Answer: False
Question. The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2.
Answer: True
Question. The structural formula of ethyne is
Answer: False
Fill in the Blanks :
Question. Carboxylic acid containing one carbon atom is called _____________ .
Answer: Formic acid
Question. Methane reacts with 1 mole of chlorine in presence of sunlight to give _____________ the reaction is called _____________ reaction.
Answer: chloromethane, substitution
Question. The unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds are called
Answer: alkenes
Question. ………. are sweet-smelling substances which are used in making perfumes.
Answer: Esters
Question. The number of isomers of C6H14 are _____________ .
Answer: 5
Question. ………. is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and many of the things we use.
Answer: Carbon
Question. 100% pure ethyl alcohol is called _____________ .
Answer: absolute alcohol
Question. The general formula of alkynes is ………. .
Answer: CnH2n-2
Question. A group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group is called a ………. .
Answer: homologous series
Question. Covalent bonds are formed by the ………. of electrons between two atoms so that both can achieve a completely filled outermost shell.
Answer: sharing
CASE-STUDY BASED QUESTIONS.
Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1.Nisha observed that the bottoms of cooking utensils were turning black in colour while the flame of her stove was yellow in colour. Her daughter suggested cleaning the air holes of the stove to get a clean, blue flame. She also told her mother that this would prevent the fuel from getting wasted.
a) Identify the reasons behind the sooty flame arising from the stove.
Answer : Sooty deposit is due to incomplete combustion of fuel.
b) Can you distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds by burning them? Justify your answer.
Answer : yes, Saturated compounds will generally burn in excess of air with a blue flame but
unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow flame with lots of black smoke (sooty
flame).
c) Why do you think the colour of the flame turns blue once the airholes of the stove are cleaned?
Answer : Clean holes supply sufficient air(oxygen) and complete combustion of fuel will give blue flame.
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
Question. What is a hydrocarbon?
Answer : It is a compound of hydrogen and carbon.
Question. Give different forms in which carbon occurs in nature.
Answer : Carbon occurs in free form e.g., graphite and diamond in combined form like carbon dioxide, carbonates, etc.
In earth’s crust–0.02% and in atmosphere–0.03%.
Question. What are covalent bonds?
Answer : Bond which are formed by sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms is called covalent bonds.
Question. Give the full form of IUPAC.
Answer : IUPAC → International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Question. What is catenation?
Answer : Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with the other atoms of carbon which gives rise to large molecules. This property of self linking is called catenation.
Question. Why covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?
Answer : As the bond is formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms. Intermolecular forces are small between the covalent compounds. These bonds break easily.
Question. Define oxidising agents.
Answer : Some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others. These substances are known as oxidising agents.
Example: alkaline KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7.
Question. Give two properties of ethanol.
Answer : (a) Liquid at room temperature
(b) Soluble in H2O in all proportions
Question. Define catalyst.
Answer : Catalyst are substances that cause a reaction with a change in rate of reaction, without itself undergoing any change.
Example: Micelle acts as a catalyst to convert unsaturated hydrocarbon into saturated hydrocarbon.
Question. How can you convert ethene into ethane?
Answer : By adding hydrogen to ethene in the presence of a catalyst.
Question. A compound has a molecular formula C2H6O. It is used as a fuel. Name the compound and name its functional group.
Answer : C2H6O is an alcohol, i.e. ethanol C2H5OH
Functional group is —OH.
Question. Give two properties of ionic compounds.
Answer : (i) High melting point and high boiling point.
(ii) Can conduct electricity.
Question. What are heteroatoms?
Answer : An element or group of elements which replaces one or more hydrogen (H) atoms from hydrocarbon, such that valency of carbon remains satisfied.
Example: CH4 ⎯→ CH3 – OH
Hence, —OH is a heteroatom.
Question. What is the melting point of acetic acid?
Answer : M.P. = 290 K.
Short Answer Type Questions :
Question. Answer the following questions:
(i) What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
(ii) Which element exhibit the property of catenation to maximum extent and why?
Answer: (i) The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows:
(a) Catenation: The ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon to form a long chain
(b) Tetravalency: With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
(ii) Carbon exhibits the property of catenation to maximum extent.
It is due to strong tetra valency of carbon.
Question. (a) Identify the functional group present in CH3COOH and CH3OH.
(b) Name the fourth member of alkene series.
Answer : (a) The functional group present in CH3COOH and CH3OH are carboxylic acid group and alcoholic group respectively.
(b) Pentene
Question. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid considered an oxidation reaction?
Answer : Conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is considered an oxidation reaction since it involves:
(i) addition of oxygen to the ethanol molecule
(ii) removal of hydrogen from the ethanol molecule.
Question. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
Answer : Carbon has four valence electrons. Thus, it is not in a position to donate/accept four electrons so as to acquire a stable neon gas like structure. Thus, in order to enter into a chemical reaction, it shares its valence electrons with other elements.
Question. Write the next homologue of propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) and butanal (CH3CH2CH2CHO).
Answer : Next homologue of propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH).
Next homologue of butanal (CH3CH2CH2CHO) is pentanal (CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO).
Question. Give a test that can be used to confirm the presence of carbon in a compound. With a valency of 4, how is carbon able to attain noble gas configuration in its compounds?
Answer : Burn compound in air/oxygen. Gas evolved turns limewater milky. By sharing its four valence electrons with other elements.
Question. (a) (i) Name the products formed when ethanol burns in air.
(ii) What two forms of energy are liberated on burning alcohol?
(b) Why is the reaction between methane and chlorine considered as a substitution reaction?
Answer : (a) (i) Ethanoic acid and water
(ii) Heat energy, chemical energy
(b) The reaction between methane and chlorine is considered as a substitution reaction since the hydrogen atoms of methane are replaced by chlorine atoms.
Question. (a) name the compound CH3CH2OH and identify its functional group.
Answer : Ethyl alcohol
Alcoholic group.
(b) What is the difference in the molecular formula of any two consecutive members of a homologous series of organic compounds?
Answer : CH2
Question. Two non-metals react with each other by sharing electrons to form a compound C.
(i) Name the type of chemical bond in C.
(ii) State whether C will have a high boiling point or a low boiling point.
(iii) State whether C will be soluble in water or in organic solvents.
(iv) State whether C is a good conductor of electricity or not.
Answer : (i) The chemical bond is covalent in nature.
(ii) C will have low boiling point.
(iii) C will dissolve in organic solvents.
(iv) C will not conduct electric current.
Question. Which types of compound does carbon generally form? Why is the compound formed by carbon exceptionally stable?
Answer : Carbon generally forms covalent compound. The stability of carbon compounds is attributed to the small size of carbon atom. Due to the small size of carbon atom, the nucleus holds the shared pair of electrons more effectively, thus making the bond stronger.
Question. Give reasons for the following observation :
Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the heated vessels get blackened by the flame.
Answer : Air holes of a gas burner are made open so that air can pass through them, which is needed for complete combustion, so that heated vessels do not get blackened.
Question. Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity?
Answer : Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of valence electrons. As such they do not have cations or anions which could migrate to the opposite poles of an electrolytic cell. Thus, they do not conduct electric current.
Question. Acetic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 to produce a sweet smelling compound. For this reaction :
(a) Write the name of main product.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation.
Answer : a) In this reaction, the main product formed is ethyl ethanoate or ethyl acetate.
(b) The balanced chemical equation is :
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethyl acetate
Question. (a) Name the functional group present in propanal (C3H6O).
Answer : Aldehyde group
(b) Name the fourth (4th) member of alkene series.
Answer : Pentene
Question. Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.
Answer : Methanol is oxidised to methanal in the liver. Methanal reacts rapidly with the components of the cells. It causes the protoplasm to coagulate. It also affects the optic nerve causing blindness
Question. Name the compound CH3COOH and identify its functional group.
Answer : Acetic acid
Functional group — COOH (Carboxylic acid group)
Question. Give reasons for the following :
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons show addition reactions but not saturated hydrocarbons.
(b) Carbon only forms covalent compounds.
Answer : (a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) have double or triple covalent bonds respectively. Hence they show addition reactions to form new single covalent bond while saturated hydrocarbons have only single covalent bonds so they do not show addition reaction.
(b) Carbon has four valence electrons. Thus, it is not in a position to donate/accept four electrons so as to acquire a stable neon gas like structure. Thus, in order to enter into a chemical reaction, it shares its valence electrons with other elements. So it forms only covalent compounds.
Question. (a) What is vinegar?
(b) Describe with a chemical equation, what happens when sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid?
Answer : (a) A 5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is known as vinegar.
(b) When sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid, carbon dioxide gas is liberated.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Question. What is ethanoic acid? Write the formula of the functional group present in this acid. What special name is given to its 5 – 8% solution in water? How does ethanoic acid react with sodium carbonate? Write the chemical equation of the reaction and common name of the salt produced.
Answer : Ethanoic acid is the second member of the homologous series of alkanoic acid. Functional group in ethanoic acid is — COOH.
5 – 8% solution of ethanoic acid in water is known as vinegar.
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
The salt produced is sodium acetate.
Question. What is a homologous series of compounds? List any two characteristics of a homologous series.
Answer : A group of members of the same class of organic compounds which differ from each other by a – CH2 group when arranged in the ascending order of molecular mass is called a homologous series.
Characteristics of a homologous series :
(i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by a general formula.
(ii) Each member of a homologous series differs from the next member by a – CH2 group.
Question. Give the general formula of an: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne
Answer : Alkane: CnH2n+2, Alkene: CnH2n, Alkyne: CnH2n-2
Question. Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and draw its bond structure.
Answer
:
Question. Classify the following compounds as Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes C2H4, C3H4, C4H8, C5H12, C5H8, C3H8, C6H12.
Answer : C5H12 , C3H8 -alkane
C2H4, C4H8 , C6H12-alkene
C3H4, C5H8 – alkyne
Question. Give the name and structural formula of the third member of the homologous series of following: (i)Alkane (ii) Alkene (iii) Alkyne (iv) cycloalkane
Answer : Alkane: Propane C3H8, Alkene: Butene C4H8, Alkyne: Butyne C4H6,
Cycloalkane: Cyclopentane C5H10
Question. Carbon has the unique property to form bonds with other carbon atoms:
(i) Name the unique property of carbon.
(ii) Give reason for unique property of carbon atom.
(iii) Draw the structure of cyclohexane.
Answer: (i) Catenation.
(ii) It is due to tetra valency of carbon atom.
(iii) Cyclohexane.
Question. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer: A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. There is a difference of —CH2 unit between each successive member and mass differ by 14u. For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc., are all part of the alkane homologous series. The general formula of this series is CnH2n+2.
Question. Answer the following questions:
(i) What is homologous series of carbon compounds?
(ii) Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula (CnH2n+2).
(iii) Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and 3rd member of the homologous series where the first member is ethyne.
(iv) What is the difference in molecular formula of any two consecutive members of a homologous series?
Answer: (i) The series of organic compounds having same functional group and similar chemical properties is called homologous series. Each member differs from successive member by –CH2 group. The difference in molecular weight between two successive members is 14u.
(ii) The name of 2nd member of alkanes: Ethane. The formula of 2nd member of alkanes: C2H6 or CH3 – CH3.
(iii) 2nd member of alkyne series is propyne (C3H4), 3rd member of alkyne series is butyne (C4H6).
(iv) The molecular formula of two consecutive members of a homologous series differ by –CH2.
Question. State the following:
(i) Two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of carbon compounds.
(ii) Write the next homologue of C2H4 and C4H6.
(iii) Write the name and molecular formula of the first member of the homologous series of alkyne.
(iv) Write the next two members of homologous series for C2H6 and C3H8?
(v) Write the name and formula of second member of homologous series having general formula (CnH2n).
(vi) Write the name and formula of second member of homologous series having general formula (CnH2n–2).
(vii) Write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12
Answer: (i) Catenation and tetravalency.
(ii) C3H6 and C5H8
(iii) Ethyne (C2H2)
(iv) C4H10 and C5H12
(v) Propene (C3H6)
(vi) Propyne (C3H4)
(vii) Isopentane and neopentane.
Question. What are covalent compounds ? Why are they different from ionic compounds? List their three characteristics properties.
Answer: The compounds which are formed by sharing of electrons between two or more same atoms or between two or more nonmetals are called covalent compounds. They are different from ionic compounds as:
(a) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity whereas ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in molten state.
(b) Covalent compounds are directional and ionic compounds are non-directional.
Characteristics of Covalent compounds:
(a) They have low melting and boiling point.
(b) These compounds are generally insoluble in water.
(b) These compounds are bad conductors of electricity.
Question. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer: Carbon has 4 valence electrons. It completes its octet by sharing its four electrons with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements as it can neither lose four of its electrons nor gain four electrons since both the processes require extra amount of energy and would make the system unstable. Such bonds that are formed by sharing
of electrons and are known as covalent bonds. In covalent bonding, both the atoms share the valence electrons, i.e., the shared electrons belong to the valence shells of both the atoms. In the formation of CH3Cl, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete its duplet. Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the octet. Therefore, all of these share the electrons and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds with hydrogen atom and one with chlorin atom.
Question. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications because most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a fuel, have high calorific values.
Question. Why is fullerene so called?
Answer: Fullerene is so called because it resembles the framework of dome shaped halls designed by American architect Buckminster fuller.
Question. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is exhibited by both carbon and silicon.
Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Give reasons.
Answer: Carbon has the maximum capacity of catenation. The reason for this is the smaller size of of carbon which makes the C–C bonds strong. The size of sulphur is greater than Carbon. This makes Si —Si bonds comparatively weaker than C- C bond.
Long Answer Type Questions :
Question. State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4– anions, but forms covalent compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:
(i) Are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii) Have low melting and boiling point?
Answer: Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete its octet. It has 4 electrons in its valence shell. Thus, carbon can either gain or lose 4 electrons. But due to energy consideration, it is not possible. Therefore, in place of gaining or losing 4 electrons, carbon does sharing of these 4 electrons to form covalent bonds. Therefore, can neither form C4+ cations nor C4 – anions but forms covalent compounds only by sharing of electrons.
(i) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity because they do not contain ions.
(ii) Covalent compounds have usually low melting and boiling point because the force of attraction between the molecules of covalent bond is very weak.
Question. Elements forming ionic compounds attain noble gas configuration by either gaining or losing electrons from their valence shells.
Explain giving reason why carbon cannot attain such a configuration in this manner to form its compounds. Name the type of bonds formed in ionic compounds and in the compounds formed by carbon. Also explain with reason why carbon compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
Answer: Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete its octet. It has 4 electrons in its valence shell. Thus, carbon can either gain or lose 4 electrons. But due to energy consideration, it is not possible.
Therefore, in place of gaining or losing 4 electrons, carbon does sharing of these 4 electrons to form 4 covalent bonds.
Electrovalent or ionic bond is present in ionic compounds whereas covalent bond is present in Carbon compounds. Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity because of absence of ions.
Question. Why certain compounds are called hydrocarbons? Write the general formula for homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and also draw the structure of the first member of each series. Write the name of the reaction that converts alkenes into alkanes and also write a chemicals equation to show the necessary conditions for the reaction to occur.
Answer: Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
General formula for the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n +2 First member of the alkane family is methane.
General formula for the homologous series of alkenes is CnH2n.
First member of the alkene family is ethene.
General formula for the homologous series of alkynes = CnH2n–2.
First member of the alkyne family is ethyne.
H — C ≡ C—H
Catalytic hydrogenation is the reaction used to convert alkenes to alkanes.
Question. Answer the following questions:
(i) State any three physical property of carbon compounds.
(ii) Carbon is a versatile element. Justify this statement.
Answer: (i) The properties of carbon compounds are:
(a) Carbon possesses property of catenation:
(b) Poor conductor of electricity.
(c) Low melting and boiling point as compared to ionic compounds.
(ii) Carbon is a versatile element because of its properties. It shows the property of catenation due to which it forms a large number of compounds. Carbon is tetravalent. Due to this, it
forms covalent compounds only.
Question. A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus to red. Another colourless organic liquid Y of molecular formula C2H6O has no action on any litmus but it is used as a nail polish remover. A yet another colourless organic liquid Z of molecular formula C2H6O has also no action on litmus but it is used in tincture of iodine.
(i) Name the liquid X. To which homologous series does it belong ? Give the name of another member of this homologous series.
(ii) Name the liquid Y. To which homologous series does it belong ? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
(iii) Can you name an organic compound having the same molecular formula as liquid Y but which belongs to a different homologous series? What is this homologous series?
(iv) Name the liquid Z. To which homologous series does it belong ? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
Answer: (i) Liquid X is ethanoic acid; it belongs to homologous series of carboxylic acids. Methanoic acid is another member of this homologous series.
(ii) Liquid Y is Propanone; it belongs to homologous series of ketones. Butanone is another member of this homologous series.
(iii) Propanal; it belongs to homologous series of aldehydes.
(iv) Liquid Z is ethanol; it belongs to homologous series of alcohols.
Methanol is another member of this homologous series.
Question. Carbon is so versatile in nature that organic chemistry forms a separate branch of chemistry which deals mainly with carbon and its compounds. Carbon is an element with symbol “C”, atomic number 6. Carbon element has a property of catenation. Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other monovalent element. Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements, giving rise to compounds with specific properties which depend on the elements other than the carbon present in the molecule.
(i) Name the term used to define property of carbon to form bond with another carbon atom.
(ii) Name the group and period to which carbon belong.
(iii) Name the term used for four valency of carbon.
(iv) Which of these statements is incorrect?
(a) Valence electrons of carbon are 4.
(b) Carbon has a valency of four.
(c) Organic chemistry forms a separate branch of chemistry which deals mainly with carbon and its compounds.
(d) Electronic configuration of carbon is 2,6.
Answer: (i) Catenation is the term used to define property of carbon to form bond with another carbon atom.
(ii) Carbon belongs to second period and fourteenth group of periodic table.
(iii) The term used for four valency of carbon is tetravalency.
(iv) Total electrons present in carbon are 6. Out of these 6 electrons, 2 are present in first shell and other four in next shell.
This gives electronic configuration of carbon to be 2,4. Hence, the incorrect option is (d).
Question. The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope C of this element is used in glass cutters.
(i) What is element A?
(ii) What is the gas B?
(iii) Name the allotrope C.
(iv) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters).
(v) Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules.
(vi) Name yet another allotrope of element A which conducts electricity.
Answer: (i) Element A: Carbon
(ii) Gas B: Carbon dioxide
(iii) Allotrope C: Diamond
(iv) Used for making jewellery
(v) Buckminsterfullerene
(vi) Graphite
Question. Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bond. Explain in brief two main reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Why does carbon forms strong bonds with most other elements?
Answer: Carbon is tetravalent. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer most shell. To complete the octet it needs 4 electrons. Thus, it can either gain or lose 4 electrons. But loosing or gaining 4 electrons is not possible due to energy consideration. Hence, in place of gaining or losing 4 electrons, carbon does sharing of these 4 electrons and covalent bonds.
(a) Catenation: The tendency of carbon to form chains of identical atoms is known as catenation. Carbon forms long chains by combining with other carbon atoms through covalent bonds.
(b) Tetravalency: It has 4 valence electrons, so it can form 4 covalent bonds with four different atoms, or two double bonds or a single and a triple bond with other atoms. This tendency helps carbon to form a large range of compounds. Carbon forms strong bonds with most of other elements like H, O, S, N, Cl. Br, I etc. due to its small size which helps it to attract more number of electrons.
Creating Based Questions :
Question. From the given table, answer the following questions :
(i) Identify all three structures mentioned in the table.
(ii) What type of property bound these following structures?
(iii) Which one is the good conductor of electricity?
(iv) What is difference between the first two structures?
Answer:
(i) (a) Dimond
(b) Graphite
(b) Buckminsterfullerene
(ii) Catenation property
(iii) Graphite.
(iv) Diamond is the hardest substance while graphite is smooth and slippery and also graphite is good conductor of electricity.
Question. Based on the structures given below answer the following questions:
(i) Give the name of the third member of the homologous series of alkene.
(ii) Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane.
(iii) Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane.
(iv) Draw the structure of butane.
Answer: (i) Butene (C4H8).
(ii) Thirteen
(iii) 10 bonds
Question. Based on the information given below answer the following questions:
Carbon has the versatile nature it shows the property of catenation and has the tetravalency. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. Carbon has the valency of 4 due to which it can form the covalent compounds with the other elements as well and thus it forms hydrocarbons as well which exist in the nature in a form of a series known as the Homologous series.
(i) List the three characteristics of the Homologous series.
(ii) Why carbon forms the covalent compounds?
(iii) Which element other than carbon exhibits the property of catenation?
Answer: (i) Characteristics of homologous series of carbon compound:
(a) All the members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula and they have same functional group.
(b) Any two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.
(c) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14 u.
(ii) Electricity is conducted by moving electrons. But carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing of electrons. It does not have free electrons.
(iii) Silicon.
Question. The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope C of this element is used in glass cutters.
(i) What is element A ?
(ii) What is the gas B ?
(iii) Name the allotrope C.
(iv) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters).
(v) Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules.
(vi) Name a yet another allotrope of element A which conducts electricity.
Answer: (i) Element A : Carbon
(ii) Gas B : Carbon dioxide
(iii) Allotrope C : Diamond
(iv) Used for making jewellery
(v) Buckminsterfullerene
(vi) Graphite
Question. Give two possibilities through which carbon can attain the inert gas configuration.
Answer: Carbon has two possibilities to attain noble gas configuration.
(a) One of the possibilities is to attain four electrons and form C4– anion. But it will be difficult for the nucleus to hold four more electrons firmly.
(b) Another possibility is to lose four electrons forming C4+ cation.
But this will also be difficult due to the requirement of large energy to lose four electrons from the outermost shell. As a result the atom will contain six protons and two electrons.
Question. (i) Give the name of the fifth member of the homologous series of Alkanes.
(ii) What type of bond is present in Alkanes?
(iii) Which hydrocarbon is also known as marsh gas?
(iv) Give one use of the ethene.
Answer: (i) Pentane (C5H12).
(ii) Single bond is present in alkanes.
(iii) Methane.
(iv) In the manufacture of many important polymers like polyethene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Carbon and its compounds
HOTS: (High Order Thinking Skill) Questions with Answers:
1.An organic compound X with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation with in presence of alkaline KMnO4 to form a compound Y. X on heating in presence of Conc. H2SO4 at 443K gives
Z.which on reaction with H2Oin presence of H2SO4 gives back `X.` `Z` reacts with Br2 (aq) and decolorizes it. Identify X, Y, & Z.and write the reactions involved.
2. An organic compound ‘A’ is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula C2H2O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound ‘B.
(i) Identify the compound ‘A’
(ii) Write the chemical equation for its reaction with ethanol to form compound‘B’.
(iii) How can we get compound ‘A’ back from ‘B’?
(iv) Name the process and write corresponding chemical equation.
(v) Which gas is produced when compound ‘A’ reacts with washing soda? Write the chemical equation.
3. Hydrocarbon `X` and `Y` having molecular formulae C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Both are burnt in different spatula on the bunsen flame. Indicate the color of the flame produced by `X` and `Y`. Identify `X` and `Y`. Write the structural formulae.
4. A compound `X` has molecular formula C4H10. It undergoes substitution reaction readily than addition reaction. It burns with blue flame and is present in LPG. Identify `X` and give the balanced equation for its combustion and substitution reaction with Cl2 in presence of sunlight.
5. `A` compound works well with hard water. It is used for making shampoos & products for cleaning clothes. A is not 100% biodegradable and causes water pollution. `B` does not work well with hard water. It is 100% biodegradable and does not create water pollution. Identify A & B.
6. An organic compound P with molecular formula C2H6Ois an active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. It is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups. Identify `P`. Drop a small piece of sodium into the test tube containing `P`.A new compound `Q` is formed with the evaluation of colorless and odorless gas Name the gas evolved and compound `Q` write the chemical reaction.
7. A cyclic compound `X` has molecular formula C6H6. It is unsaturated and burns with sooty flame. Identify `X` and write its structural formula. Will it decolorize bromine water or not and why?
8. An organic compounds `A` is a constituent of antifreeze and has the molecular formula C2H6O. upon reaction with alkaline KMnO4, the compound `A` is oxidized toanother `B` with formula C2H6O2. Identify the compound A` and `B`. Write the chemical equation for the reaction which leads to the formulation of `B`
9. Two compounds `X` and `Y` have the same formula C2H4O2. One of them reacts with sodium metal to liberate H2 and CO2 with NaHCO3. Second one does not reacts with Na metal and NaHCO3 but undergo hydrolysis with NaOH to form salt of carboxylic acid and compound `Z` which is called wood spirit. Identify `X`, `Y`, and `Z` and write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
10. A compound `X` with molecular formula C2H4 burns with a sooty flame. It decolourise bromine water. Identify `X`. Will it dissolve in water or not? Will it conduct electricity in aq. Solution? Will it have high melting point or low melting point ?
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Chemical Reactions and Equations |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Acids Bases And Salts |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Metals and Non Metals |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Carbon And its Compounds |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Periodic Classification of Elements |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Life Processes |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Control And Coordination |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question How Do Organisms Reproduce |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Heredity And Evolution |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Reflection and Refraction |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Human Eye and Colourful World |
CBSE Class 10 Physics HOTs Electricity |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Magnetic Effects of Electric Current |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Sources Of Energy |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Our Environment |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Management of Natural Resources |
CBSE Class 10 Science HOTs Question Bank |
CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound HOTS
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HOTS for Science CBSE Class 10 Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound
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Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound HOTS Science CBSE Class 10
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Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound CBSE Class 10 HOTS Science
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CBSE HOTS Science Class 10 Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compound
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