CBSE Class 12 Business Studies HOTs Nature and Significance of Management

Unit-1

Nature & Significance of Management

Important Questions for NCERT Class 12 Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management

Question.The Activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations whether economic, social or political. Which characteristics of management is highlighted by this statement ?
Answer: Management is pervasive

Question. Policy formation is the function of which level of management?
Answer: Top Level

Question. In order to be successful an organization must change its goals according to the need of the environment. Which characteristic of management in highlighted in the statement?
Answer: Management is dynamic function.

Question.To meet the objectives of the firm the management of Angora Ltd. Offer employment to physically challenged persons . Identity the organizational objective it is trying to achieve.
Answer: Social objective

Question. Management of any organization strives to attain different objectives Enumerate any two such objectives?
Answer: a) Profit  b) Survival.

Question. Who are considered as Operative managers?
Answer: Supervisors and Foremen.

Question.“Management is considered to be a three-tier machinery”. Why?
Answer: Because of three levels in the management hierarchy-Top,Middle & operational.

Question. Name the process by which a manager synchronizes the activities of different departments.
Answer: Coordination.

Question. How is entry to a profession restricted?
Answer: The entry to a profession is restricted through an examination or through acquiring an educational degree.

Question. State any two points which prove that management is multi-dimensional?
Answer: a) Management of work    b) Management of people.

Question. an achievement of which organisational objectives results in “an increase in sales volume, increase in number of employees, no of products,and increase in capital investment’
Answer: objective of growth

Question. management is based on personalized application of knowledge ieit varies from person to person” which nature of management is signified by it?
Answer: management is an art

Question. the authority responsibility relationship that binds individuals as superiors and subordinates in an organization, gives rise to what?
Answer: levels of management.

Question. if an organization derives more benefits even after using less resources it’s a result of what?
Answer: efficiency

Question. a companys target production is 5000 unitss in a year , to achieve this target the manager has to operate in double shifts due to power failure. The manager is able to meet the target but at a higher production cost. Is the manager efficient or effective?
Answer: he is effective but not efficient

Question. “ managers in India do the same work as managers in usa or japan or germany” which characteristic of management is highlighted by it?
Answer: management is all pervasive

Question. “a collection of diverse individuals with different needs but working towards fulfilling the comman organizational goals” this statement highlights which characteristic of management?
Answer: management is a group activity

Question. discrepancies between actual and realized activities are taken care at which stage
Answer: controlling

Question. ABC ltd. is facing a lot of problem these days. The company’s profit margin is declining day-by-day. The production manager is blaming marketing management whereas marketing is blaming production department for not maintaining the quality. Finance department is blaming both. What quality of management do you think is lacking. Explain it briefly.
Answer: the quality which is lacking in the above case is “co-ordination”. The manager is able to execute all the function but he is unable to co-ordinate these function of manager. co-ordination is the essence of management.
(addition : meaning/ definition of co-ordination)

Question. your father has retired as a purchase manager of a company. At what level of management was he working? What function do you think he was performing at the level of management.
Answer:  middle level of management explain three function of middle level of management.

Question. Rajat’s father was working as a foremen in a textile factory at what level of management is he working explain in brief his functions?
Answer: he is working at operator level of management his functions are :
1. to prepare plans regarding their work and make distribution of work.
2. representing the worker grievance before the management.
3. ensuring adequate lighting, ventilation, odorless in the working area.
4. looking after safety of workers.
5. helping the management in selection, training, placement & promotion of workers.
6. welcoming suggestion forms workers for better working practices.

Question. A company manufacturing mobiles is facing the problem of decreasing sales in the market. You can imagine any product about which you are familiar. What decisions/ steps should each level of management take to give effect to this decision.
Answer: modernization of product is needed to increase it shares in the market. Hence to modernize the product each level should work as follows
1. top level management –
i) they must plan to add some new features in there mobiles.
ii) They must organize and assemble necessary resources.
iii) They must co-ordinate the efforts of all the department towards modernization
2. middle level management-
i) they must implement the plans made the plans made by top level in their respective departments.
ii) They must interpretate the plans to their subordinates.
iii) They must select effective and efficient employers to perform the task.
iv) They should try to use available resources in best possible manner & should try to minimize the cost of product.
3 . lower/supervisory level-
i) they must assign the task according to efficiency & qualification of employees.
ii) they must maintain the quality of work and reduce the wastage.
iii) they must make efforts to improve the loyalty of workers.

Question. without effective management the resources will remain as resources cannot be converted into productive utilities. “do you agree” ? give reason.
                                                                                                                                       Or
“success of an organization largely depends upon its management.” Explain any five reasons to justify the above statement.
Answer: success of an organization largely depends upon its management because of the following reasons:-
(a) helps in achieving group goals
(b) increase efficiency
(c) creates a dynamic organization
(d) help in achieving personal objective of organization
(e) helps in development of society.

Case Study Based HOTs Class 12 Business Studies

Case Study - 1

Three teams of employees of XYZ Ltd. Are working at different positions.
a) Team A is responsible for survival and growth of organization. Team A continuously keeps a watch over the business environment with a view of coping with the changes in the business environment. Team A immediately discusses the change to be brought about in company’s plan.
b) Team B explains the policies of superiors to the employees and ensures a touch of cooperation among all the departments.
c) Team C is responsible for maintaining quality and safety standards and minimize the wastage.

Question. “Team C is responsible for maintaining quality and safety standards and minimize the wastage.”
Which level of management is highlighted in this context?
(a) Top Level Management
(b) Middle Level Management
(c) Lower Level Management
(d) None of these

Answer : C

Question. “Team A immediately discusses the change to be brought about in company’s plan”
Which level of management is highlighted in this context?
(a) Top Level Management
(b) Middle Level Management
(c) Lower Level Management
(d) None of these

Answer : A

Question. “Team B explains the policies of superiors to the employees”
Which level of management is highlighted in this context?
(a) Top Level Management
(b) Middle Level Management
(c) Lower Level Management
(d) None of these

Answer : B

Management consists of a series of interrelated functions that are performed by all managers, for examples, managers have to plan the objective of the firm, organize resources to achieve that objective, recruit and select employees who can implement these objectives. Giving directions, communicating and motivating these employees to achieve objectives effectively and efficiently and ultimately checking whether everything is going as per plan or not. 

Question. “Ultimately checking whether everything is going as per plan or not”, this line indicates which function of management?
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Controlling

Answer : D

Question. By recruiting and selecting of employees for implementing the objectives, Manager performs which function?
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Directing

Answer : C

Question. By communicating and motivating, the manager performs which function of management?
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Directing

Answer : D

Question. By setting up of objective, management performs which function?
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Directing

Answer : A

The purchase manager of a leading book shop maintains stock on continuous basis. It helps him to place orders well in advance, thus avoid facing the situation of stock shortage. This way he is able to save on delivery cost and maintain his stock levels. He is already ready to fulfill customer’s need well in time.

Question. A company’s target production is 1000 bicycles in a year. To achieve this target the manager to operate has to operate an double shifts due to power failure most of the time. The manager is able to produce 1000 bicycles but at a higher production cost. In this case the manager is:
(a) Effective
(b) Efficient
(c) Neither efficient nor effective
(d) Efficient as well as effective

Answer : A 

Question. Which of the following is not a characteristics of a profession?
(a) Restricted Entry
(b) Service Motive
(c) Well-defined body of knowledge
(d) Based on creativity

Answer : D

Question. Which managerial function ensures that the right people with the right qualifications are available at the right place and time to accomplish the goals of the organisation:
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Directing

Answer : C

Question. Identify the importance of management highlighted in the above case.
(a) Management creates a Dynamic Organisation
(b) Management Helps in Achieving Personal Objectives
(c) Management helps in Achieving Group Goals
(d) Management Increases Efficiency

Answer : D

Question. The subject of management is taught at different institutions. Some of these have been set up with the specific purpose of providing management education such as the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) in India. Entry to different institutes is usually through an examination. Which aspect of management is highlighted in aforesaid statement?
(a) Management as a science
(b) Management as an art
(c) Management as a science and an art
(d) Management as a profession

Answer : D

Case Study - 2

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Sana is the branch manager of ABC Handicrafts Pvt. Ltd. The company’s objective is to promote the sales of Indian handloom and handicraft products. It sells fabrics, furnishings, ready-mades and household items are made out of traditional Indian fabrics.
Sana decides quantities, variety, colour and texture of all the above items and then allocates resources for their purchase form different suppliers. She appoints a team of designers and crafts people in the company, who developed some prints for bed covers in bright colour on silk. Although the products looked very attractive and impressive, they were relatively expensive on the front of affordability for an average customer.
Sana suggested that they should keep the silk bed covers for special festive occasions and offer the cotton bed covers on a regular basis to keep costs under control.

Question. “She appoints a team of designers and crafts people in the company, who developed some prints for bed covers in bright colour on silk.”
Which function of management is highlighted in this context?
(A) Controlling
(B) Staffing
(C) Planning
(D) Directing

Answer : B

Question. In the above case “company’s objective is to promote the sales of Indian handloom and handicraft products.”
The above line focus on which feature of management?
(A) Management is an intangible force
(B) Management is a goal oriented process
(C) Management is pervasive in nature
(D) Management is a continuous process

Answer : B

Question. With reference to the above case, at which level of management Sana is working?
(A) Lower level
(B) Top level
(C) Middle level
(D) Shop floor

Answer : C

Question. “Sana suggested that they should keep the silk bed covers for special festive occasions and offer the cotton bed covers on a regular basis to keep costs under control.”
Which function of management is highlighted in this context?
(A) Controlling
(B) Staffing
(C) Organising
(D) Planning

Answer : C

Very Short Answer type Chapter Nature & Significance of Management Class 12 Business Studies

Question. Which force is consisted as the essence of management?
Answer: Co-Ordination 

Question. ‘Doing the task with minimum cost” name the term associated with management?
Answer: Efficiency 

Question. ‘ In order to be successful , an organization must change its goals according to the needs of the environment. Whish characteristics of management are highlighted in this statement.
Answer: “Management is dynamic functioning” 

Question. Which function of management is bridges the gap between where we stand today and where we want to reach
Answer: Planning 

Question. Name the function of management which establishes organization structure and establishes authority and responsibility relations?
Answer: Organizing 

Question. In which functions of management standards are compared with actual, deviations are find out and corrective steps are taken?
Answer: Organizing 

Question. Anything (-) management is equal to what?
Answer: Controlling 

Question. Departmental manages are included at which level of management?
Answer: At middle management 

Question. Name the level of management the following parts belongs to.
i) Purchase managers.
ii) CEO
iii) Superintendent.
Answer: i) Middle Level
ii) Top level
iii) Supervisory Level 

Question. ‘Survival profit and growth are essential target of any business’ which objectives of management is referred here?
Answer: Organizational objectives 

Question. ‘Every organization whether it is business or non-business should use environmental methods of production, give employment opportunities and provide basic amenities like schools and crèches to employees’ name the objective of management indicated here?
Answer: Social Objectives 

Question. The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations whether social or political’ which characteristics of management is highlighted by this statement?
Answer: Management is all pervasive 

Question. What is PODSCORB?
Answer: Luther Gullick gave the keyword PODSCORB which stands for Planning, Directing, Staffing, Co-coordinating, Reporting and budgeting. 

Question. How Management is an intangible force?
Answer: The presence of management can be felt by seeking the orderliness and co-ordination in the  working environment.
e.g. if the inventory of finished products is increasing day by day it clearly indicates mismanagement of marketing and sales. 

Question.“Management is essential for successful running of an enterprise”, How?
Answer: 1.Management increases efficiency.
2.Ensures optimum utilization of resources.
3. Management creates dynamic organization. 

Question. Father of Mr. ‘Y’ acts as Vice President in ABC Ltd. Name the level of Management he is working? Explain Any two functions performed by him?
Answer: Top level of Management
Functions:
1. Determining the objectives of the enterprise
2. Assembling all the resources such as finance, fixed 

Question. Mr. Anil working as a ‘Sales department Head in XYZ Ltd. Name the level of  Management he is working? Explain Any two functions performed by him?
Answer: Middle level of management
Functions:
1. Interpretation of policies framed by top Management to lower level.
2. Recruiting & Selecting the employees for their department
3. Motivation the persons to perform to their best ability

Question. Explain any 3 functions performed by operational Level?
Answer: 1. Looking to safety of workers.
2. to boost morale of workers.
3. Representing the problems of workers before the middle level management 

Question. ‘Co-ordination’ is the essence of Management’ Explain.
Answer: Co-ordination is needed to perform all the functions of management, Co-ordination is required at all the levels.Co-ordination is the most important function of an organization. 

Question.“Management is critical ingredient of a nation’s growth” Comment.
Answer: 1. Mgt Helps in creating employment opportunities
2. Mgt insists providing Quality goods.
3. Mgt helps in increasing GDP and leads to growth of Nation. 

Question. Why Mgt is considered as Multi dimensional function?
Answer: 1. Mgt of work
2. Mgt of people
3. Mgt of operation 

Question. “Mgt is Science as well as act”. Explain this statement.
Answer: Mgt as a science
i. Systematic body of Knowledge
ii. Principles are based on repeated experiments
Mgt as an Art
i. Existence of theoretical Knowledge
ii. Application of Knowledge

Question. Bhavan is the manager of northern division of a large corporate house. At what level does he work in the organisation? What are her basic functions?

Answer: He works at “Middle Level”. His basic functions – List functions of middle management.

 

Question. Lack of proper management results in wastage of time, money and efforts.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Answer: Yes, I agree with the given statement. Mgt. is necessary in all organizations Importance of Mgt. (Points) in support of answer.

 

Question. “Management is regarded as a perfect science like Physics or Chemistry.” Do you agree ? Explain in brief any 5 reasons.

Answer: No, I don’t agree with the statement. Mgt. is an inexact science or soft science. It is neither as precise nor comprehensive as the natural as an pure science like Physics or chemistry. Actual mgt. is a social science which deals with human behaviour in an organisation.

 

Question. “Management is neither as precise nor as comprehensive as natural and pure sciences are”. Why? Explain.

Answer: Mgt. is an inexact science or soft science. It is neither as precise nor comprehensive as the natural and pure science like Physics or Chemistry the principles of management are not-as exact as the principles of Sc., so their application and use is not universal.

 

Question. Your grandfather has retired as the director of a manufacturing Co. At what level of management was he working? What functions do you think he was performing at that level? State any four functions.

Answer: Top level management. Functions of top level management.

 

Question. Your uncle is employed in Deepti Ltd., as a production manager. At what level of management is he working. State any three functions that he might be performing at that level.

Answer: Middle level management Functions of middle level management.

 

Question. Miss Amita is associated with Fortune Ltd. She told you that her workers have goods relations with her. At what level of mgt. is she ?

Answer: Operational management. Functions of operational management

 

Question. Why management is necessary where there is a group of people working in an organisation?

Answer: To guide their efforts towards achieving a common objective.

 

Question. What is the main focus of the management?

Answer: The main focus of management is that the tasks are completed and goals are achieved (effectiveness) with the least amount of resources (efficiency)

 

Question. “Management is the process of getting things done to achieve goals effectively & efficiently” what is the process in the definition?

Answer: The process in this definition means the primary functions or activities that a manager performs to get things done. These functions are planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.

 

Question. Can planning prevent problems?

Answer: Planning cannot prevent problems but it can predict them and prepare contingency plans to deal with them.

 

Question. Name that intangible force which creates productive relationship among resources of an organisation.

Answer: Management

 

Question. Why is management an intangible force?

Answer: Management is necessary so that individuals make their best contribution towards group objectives.

 

Question. Why is management necessary for all organisation regardless of whether they are big or small?

Answer: Management is necessary so that individuals make their best contribution towards group objectives.

 

Question. A petrol pump needs to be managed as much as a school or a hospital.” Which characteristic of management has been highlighted here?

Answer: Management is all pervasive.

 

Question. Mr. Donalds, the fast food giant, made major changes in its menu to be able to survive in the Indian market. Which characteristic of mgt. is highlighted.

Answer: Management is a dynamic function.

 

Question. What is the main objectives of any organisation?

Answer: The main objective is to utilize human & material resources to the maximum possible advantage i.e. to fulfill the economic objectives of a business survival, growth and profit.

 

Question. Why does mgt. help people to adapt environment changes?

Answer: Mgt. helps people to adapt environmental changes so that the org. is able to maintain its competitive edge.

 

Question. What should a mgt. do in order to ensure harmony in the organisation ?

Answer: Mgt. should reconcile the personal and organizational objectives.

 

Question. A manager applies the various theories of mgt. in his unique personalized way? What aspect of nature of mgt. does this statement indicate

Answer: Management is an art.

 

Question. There is no restriction in anyone being appointed or designated as a manager of any business enterprise. What aspect of management as a profession does this statement indicate ?

Answer: It is a profession but not a full fledged profession like medicine or law.

 

Question. Ankit Enterprise Ltd. manufactures tea. The production department produces more of tea than required and sales department is not able to sell the total production. What quality of mgt. do you think the Co. is lacking ?

Answer: Co-ordination.

 

Question. What is meant by management ?

Answer: Management is the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively & efficiently.

 

Question. What is meant by efficiency ?

Answer: Efficiency means doing the task correctly & with minimum cost.

 

Question. What is the aim of management ?

Answer: (i) To achieve group goals

(ii) To create a dynamic organisation.

(iii) To increase efficiency

(iv) To ensure optimum utilisation of resources.

 

Question. Why is management conserved with efficient use of resources ?

Answer: Management is concerned with efficient use of resources by eliminating all kinds of wastages and thus increases profitability.

 

Question. Name the function of management under which performance is compared with standards.

Answer: Controlling

 

Question. Why is planning considered to be the basic or primary function of management?

Answer: Because planning precedes all other functions and all other functions are performed within the framework of planning. 

 

Question. Why is management considered multi-faceted concept?

Answer: Because management is a complex activity having different dimensions.

(i) Management of work

(ii) Management of people.

(iii) Management of operation.

 

Question. How is management a dynamic function?

Answer: Management is a dynamic function & has to adapt itself to the changing environment.

 

Question. Management of any organisation strives to attain different objectives. Enumerate any two such objectives.

Answer: (i) Organisational objectives

(ii) Social objectives

 

Question. List any two social objectives of business.

Answer: (i) Using environment friendly production technique.

(ii) living employment opportunities to disadvantageous sections of society.

 

Question. Name the two things required to learn the art of management.

Answer: Art of management can be acquired through study. observation and experience.

Intelligence and creativity are required to learn the art of mgt.

 

Question. Name any two designations at operational management.

Answer: (i) Foremen (ii) Supervisors.

 

Question. Your grandfather is working in an MNC as chief operating officer. At what level of management he is working ?

Answer: Top level mgt.

 

Question. What is the process called by which a manager synchronises the activity of different departments ?

Answer: Co-ordination.

 

Question. Which force binds all other functions in management ?

Answer: Co-ordination.

 

 

Short Answer Type Questions Chapter Nature & Significance of Management Class 12 Business Studies

Question. How does management help in achieving group goals and increasing efficiency?

Answer: Mgt. is done by the people and for the people. Thus it caters to the needs & aspirations of its stakeholders. Their satisfaction results in the effective and efficient achievement of organisational goals. The management uses inputs

such as men, machine, material & money efficiently by properly allocating them to reduce the wastage which ultimately decreases cost and thus leads to higher projects.

 

Question. What do you mean by “levels of Management”? Draw a diagram showing the levels of management.

Answer: The term “Level of Management” refers to a line of demarcation between various mgt. positions in an organisation.

1) Coordinating the activities of different departments.

2) Welfare and survival of the organisation.

3) Framing of policies.

 

Question. Explain the Social objectives of management?

Answer: The social objectives involve the creation of benefits for the society. It includes.

a) Supply of quality products at reasonable prices .

b) Using friendly methods of production.

c) Generation of employment opportunities

 

Question. Explain the term “Management as an Art.”

Answer: Art refers to the skillful & personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results. It can be acquired through study, observations & experience.

 

Question. Explain the term “Co-ordination” and its importance in management.

Answer: Co-ordination is the process of achieving unity of action among inter dependent activities & harmonious implementation of plans for the achievement of desired goals.

Imp. 1. It brings unity of action.

2. It helps to avoid conflicts among department

3. It helps in harmonious implementation of plans.

4. It brings efficiency & economy by keeping together the team.

 

Question. “Effectiveness and efficiency are 2 Sides of the same coin.” Comment.

Answer: “Effectiveness & efficiency are the two sides of the same coin”.

→ Sometime a business concentrates on effectiveness & ignores efficiency i.e. complete then given task but at a high cost.

→ On the other hand, sometimes a business may concentrate more on producing goods with fewer resources i.e. it cuts down cost but cannot achieve the target production. This is a case of being efficient but not effective since the goods did not reach the market. Therefore it is important for mgt. to achieve goals (effectiveness) with minimum resources i.e. as efficiently as possible maintaining a balance between effectiveness & efficiency.

 

Question. “Survival, Profit and growth are three important economic objective which management helps the organisation to achieve’” Explain this statement.

Answer: Survival, profit and growth are three important economics objectives which mgt helps the organisation to achieve.

In order to survive, an organisation must earn enough revenues to cover costs. Mgt must work in this direction. It also must ensure that the organisation makes a profit, which is a pre condition for the continued successful operation of the enterprises. Profit is essential for covering costs & risks of the business. To remain in the industry, a business needs to add to its prospects in the long run. Mgt. must exploit fully the growth potential of the organisation.

 

Question. Management is a group activity. Explain.

Answer: An organisation is a group of different individuals with different needs. But as members of the organisation, they work towards achieving the common organisational goal. This requires team work and co-ordination. Management

as a team can contribute more effectively & efficiently rather than individuals.

 

Question. Briefly explain the planning and organising functions of management.

Answer: Planning is the primary function of mgt. It is concerned with both ends & means i.e. What to do and how to do it. Therefore planning means setting objectives & targets & formulating an action plan to achieve them effectively &

efficiently. Planning is closely corrected with creativity and innovation. Organising is the mgt for of assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources reqd. to carry out a specific plan.

 

Long Answer Type Questions Chapter Nature & Significance of Management Class 12 Business Studies

Question. Management is the process of working with and through other to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment”. In the light of this statement explain briefly the characteristics of management.

Answer: The following basic characteristics of management highlight its nature :

1. Management is a goal – oriented process : An organisation has a set of basic goal which are the basic reason for its existence. These goals should be simple and clearly stated. Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals. For example, a firm decides to sell 1000 TV sets in particular year. The manager will plan a course of action and organize the activities to achieve this goal.

 

Question. “Without management, the resources of production. will remain resources and shall never become production”. In the light of this statement explain the importance of management in business.

Answer: Management is a group activity : An organization is a group of diverse individuals with different needs. Every member of the group has a different purpose for joining the organization. But as members of the organization they work towards achieving the common organizational goal. This requires team work and coordination of individual efforts in a common direction. Management as a team can contribute more effectively and efficiently 5 rather than individuals.

 

Question. Explain briefly the important features of management as a profession.

Answer: Management is an intangible force : Management cannot be seen. The effect of management is noticeable in an organisation where targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness instead of chaos and there is coordination in the working environment.

 

Question. Is management an exact science ? Explain.

Answer: Management is all pervasive : Management is virtually applied to every type of organisation, whatever its size or purpose. An auto plant, a city government, a cricket team, a hospital or a school all require management, a cricket team, a hospital or a school all require management. Moreover, what managers do in India, the USA, Germany or Japan is the same. How they do it may be quite different. This difference is due to the differences in culture, tradition and history.

 

Question. Is management becoming a profession ? Discuss in the light of the emerging trend.

Answer: Yes, management is, by and large becoming a profession :- This can be seen by referring to following emerging trend in business :-

→ All big companies appoint professional managers at all levels, i.e. they appoint MBA qualified persons to perform managerial activities.

→ Many India companies taken initiative to replace family members by professional managers.

→ In public undertakings, management is in effect by professional managers. They appoint professional experts except in departmental undertakings such as Railways, Posts and Telegraph Department, which are controlled by ministers.

→ Proprietary managers are becoming more interested in acquiring latest knowledge and technique of management. They are sending their relatives abroad to do managerial courses.

→ All over the world, management is widely taught in the universities and management institutions. There are a large number of books on management. A number of journals specialise in various aspects of management problems.

→ There are various formal training institutions which provide managerial training programmes, e.g. India Institutes of Management (IIMs) at Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, etc., Post-Graduate Departments of Management; Colleges of Management in different parts of India.

 

Question. “co-ordination is the process of achieving unity of action among interdependant activities and departments of an organisation. Explain the nature of coordination in the light of this statement.

Answer: Co-ordination is the process of achieving unity of action among interdependent activities & harmonious implementation of plans for the achievement of desired goals. In the light of above statement the nature of co-ordination can be

summarised as :-

→ Synchronisation of different actions or efforts of the various units of an organisation.

→ This provides the requisite amount, quality, timing and sequence of efforts.

→ This ensures that planned objectives are achieved with a minimum of conflict.