NCERT Class 9 Science Atoms And Molecules

Read and download NCERT Class 9 Science Atoms And Molecules in NCERT book for Class 9 Science. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Science textbook for Class 9 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 9 Science to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter

NCERT Book for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Class 9 Science students should refer to the following NCERT Book Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules in Class 9. This NCERT Book for Class 9 Science will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules NCERT Book Class 9

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers have always wondered about the unknown and unseen form of matter. The idea of divisibility of matter was considered long back in India, around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayama, elaborated this doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives us various forms of matter.

Around the same era, ancient Greek philosophers – Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these indivisible particles atoms (meaning indivisible). All this was based on philosophical considerations and not much experimental work to validate these ideas could be done till the eighteenth century.

By the end of the eighteenth century, scientists recognised the difference between elements and compounds and naturally became interested in finding out how and why elements combine and what happens when they combine. Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical combination.

3.1 Laws of Chemical Combination

The following two laws of chemical combination were established after much experimentations by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust.

3.1.1 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Is there a change in mass when a chemical change (chemical reaction) takes place? Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

3.1.2 LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Lavoisier, along with other scientists, noted that many compounds were composed of two or more elements and each such compound had the same elements in the same proportions, irrespective of where the compound came from or who prepared it. In a compound such as water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water. Thus, if 9 g of water is decomposed, 1 g of hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen are always obtained. Similarly in ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the ratio 14:3 by mass, whatever the method or the source from which it is obtained.

This led to the law of constant proportions which is also known as the law of definite proportions. This law was stated by Proust as “In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass”.

The next problem faced by scientists was to give appropriate explanations of these laws. British chemist John Dalton provided the basic theory about the nature of matter. Dalton picked up the idea of divisibility of matter, which was till then just a philosophy. He took the name ‘atoms’ as given by the Greeks and said that the smallest particles of matter are atoms. His theory was based on the laws of chemical combination. Dalton’s atomic theory provided an explanation for the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions.


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NCERT Book Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

The above NCERT Books for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules Science Class 9 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 9 Science are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 9 Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules book for Science also includes collection of question. Along with Science Class 9 NCERT Book in Pdf for Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules we have provided all NCERT Books in English Medium for Class 9 which will be really helpful for students who have opted for english language as a medium. Class 9 students will need their books in English so we have provided them here for all subjects in Class 9.

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