CBSE Class 11 Philosophy Observation and Experiment

Read and download CBSE Class 11 Philosophy Observation and Experiment in NCERT book for Class 11 Other Subjects. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Other Subjects textbook for Class 11 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 11 Other Subjects to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter

NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects Observation And Experiment

Class 11 Other Subjects students should refer to the following NCERT Book Observation And Experiment in Class 11. This NCERT Book for Class 11 Other Subjects will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Observation And Experiment NCERT Book Class 11

Observation and Experiment

Observation :

An Introduction

Science is primarily based on observation and experiment, guided by reason. Observation and experiment, thus, are two indispensable stages in the formation of any scientific theory. Observation is a procedure whereby senses generate information about an object. It is a process of filtering sensory information. Hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch are the sources of observation and experimentation. It is through these sensory inputs that an inductive generalization is eventually established.

Diagrammatically, it can be represented in the following manner:

Sense-organs Observation Experimentation Data Inductive

Generalization

Meaning of the term 'observation’

The term 'observation' is derived from 'ob' meaning before, and the term 'servare' meaning 'to keep'. Literally speaking, the term means "keeping something before the mind". Thus, the first process in Scientific Method involves the observation of a phenomenon, event or 'problem'. However, it does not mean perceiving things in a careless or casual manner as we do sometimes in our day today life. Observation leads to a question that needs to be answered to satisfy human curiosity about the observation, such as why or how this event happened or what it is like. For example, when I see a shadow passing through my room while I am taking class, I conclude that it must be our watchful school principal who is taking round to see whether classes are being held or not. Later, after the class on examination I find that it was the college electrician who had come to fix fans in the room, seeing room occupied he left in hurry. Thus, careless or casual perception cannot make up for the observation in the strict logical sense of the term.

There is another possibility of error against which we must guard ourselves. Though observation plays a vital role in the formation of scientific laws but all kinds of observation is not our concern. Only those observations excite us intellectually which are worthy of some purpose. My seeing a tall building,

hearing an auto sound and other endless observations which I perceive ever since I start my day, do not serve any purpose as they are routine happenings. In Induction we are concerned with an observation which has a definite purpose, aim or objective. As we have a purpose in those observations, our scientific inquiries proceed without much ado. Such purposive observations involve witnessing both regularities and irregularities and when examined seriously, they lead to successful results. For example, if we wish to ascertain the cause of dengue fever, we observe and examine various cases, separate the common factors from the uncommon ones. In the course of observation we neglect the uncommon factors and concentrate on those common factors and make the generalization that lowering down significantly of platelets in blood due to mosquito bite, is the cause of dengue fever.

Observation must be distinguished from hasty generalization. A single case of observation cannot lead to any generalization. If I see a single case of my friend who dies after taking disprin with soft drink, then I arrive at a generalization that 'disprin when taken with soft drink leads to death', such is an instance of hasty generalization. In hasty generalization we make some observation in haste and draw wrong results; whereas in observation we are very attentive and cautious. Observation necessarily assumes familiarity with lots of empirical data required to form a generalization. Paucity of empirical data makes the observation ineffective and the generalization fallacious. For example, in a dark room I see a shadow of a statute from which I conclude that there is a man in my room. In this case, I do not see a man but someone like a man, someone who shares some of the characteristics of a man. From this seeming similarity I make a generalization and pass a wrong judgement that there is a man in my room. We do the same in the example of mistaking a rope as a snake.

General Principles of Observation

Observation is a mean of discovering underlying assumptions, rules and principles which are important for the process of Induction. Though there is no clear and precise set of rules to be followed in every act of observation, yet some general principles can be stated. These general principles can broadly be classified under three headings:

(i) Intellectual

(ii) Physical

(iii) Moral

(i) This condition requires that the observer must be keen to know the cause of things and its explanation. Just as an appetite for food is natural to the body in the same manner curiosity to know is natural to a healthy sound mind. This desire to know is essential for observation.

(ii) This principle requires that to begin with an observation, the observer must be in possession of normal senses. That is so say, any deficiency in senses hinders observation and makes all explanations incomplete. For example, a blind person cannot make observation about colors or a deaf person cannot make any observation about sounds. This is also true that a person who is normal can also make errors. Anybody can fall victim to optical illusions. It is a common sight that while sitting in a train which is parked parallel to another train, one sees that this train is moving and the other is still stationary whereas the truth is just the opposite. As normal senses too have limited powers various aids are developed to enhance human powers of observation, such as weighing scales, telescopes, microscopes, X-ray machines etc. The list of accompanying aids is endless and they are still getting added to the existing list.

 

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Other Subjects NCERT Book Class 11 Observation And Experiment

The above NCERT Books for Class 11 Other Subjects Observation And Experiment have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Observation And Experiment Other Subjects Class 11 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Observation And Experiment NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 11 Other Subjects are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 11 Observation And Experiment book for Other Subjects also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 11 Other Subjects which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 11 students.

NCERT Book Class 11 Other Subjects Observation And Experiment

The latest NCERT book for Observation And Experiment pdf have been published by NCERT based on the latest research done for each topic which has to be taught to students in all classes. The books for Class 11 Other Subjects Observation And Experiment are designed to enhance the overall understanding of students. All Class 11 NCERT textbooks have been written in an easy to understand language which will help to enhance the overall level of Class 11 students. 

Observation And Experiment NCERT Book Class 11 Other Subjects

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