CBSE Class 12 Geography Water Resources Assignment

GIST OF THE LESSON WATER RESOURCE IN INDIA

- India accounts 2.45% of world surface area
- 4% of world water resource
- 16% of population
- Total water available from precipitations 4000 cubic km.
- Surface water and replenish able water is 1869 cubic km
- 60% only useful is about 1122 cu.km

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
- There are four major sources of surface water
- River, lake, ponds, tanks
- 10,360 rivers are present with more than 1.6 km length each
- Mean annual rainfall is about 1869 cubic km
- 60% only usable it is equal to 1122cubic.km

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
- Four major sources of surface water
- River, lakes, ponds, tanks
- There are 10,360 river with the length of more 1.6 km
- There is about 1869 cu, km of water is available
- Only 690 cu ,km usable

GROUND WATER RESOURCES
- Total replenishable ground water is 432 cu.km
- 46% available from Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins
- Level of utilization of ground water is high in NW and south India
- Low in CHHATTISGARH, ORISSA, KERALA
- moderate in GUJARAT ,UTTARPRADESH ,BIHAR ,TRIPURA, MAHARASHTRA Water utilization Surface water
- Agriculture= 89% domestic=9% industrial 2% Ground water resources
- Agriculture=92% industrial= 5 domestic=3%

DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION
- Uneven distribution of rainfall
- Seasonal rain fall
- High temperature causes more evaporation
- To grow water intensive crops
- To increase production
- To crops in dry season
- To introduce green revolution

DETERIORATION OF WATER QUALITY
- Per-capita availability of water is dwindling day by day
- Increasing population
- Increase the standard of living
- Ground water pollution
- Urban waste and industrial waste is left in to the rivers
- Cultural activities produce more wastage in to the rivers
- Ganga and Yamuna are most polluted rivers in India

WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
- Adopt laws and acts to conserve water
- Use water saving methods and technology
- prevent water pollution
- Watershed development
- Rainwater harvesting
- Water recycling and reuse

Prevention of water pollution
- The central pollution control board along with state pollution control boards should monitor the pollution
- Frequent supervision is essential
- The other rivers such as Sabarmati, Gomati, Kai, Addayar, Vaigai , also to monitor for pollution
- Monitoring the industries located along the river banks

RECYCLE AND REUSE OF WATER
- Low quality of water can be used for industries
- Water from domestic centers to be used for garden
- Water used for cleaning vehicles also used for gardening

WATER SHED MANAGEMENT
- Efficient management of surface and ground water and conservation is called water shed development.
- Prevention of runoff, storage and recharge of groundwater through percolation tanks, recharge sells.
- Bring balance between natural availability and utility
- It depends on community participation
- HARYALI is the water shed development started by Central Govt.
- NERU-MEERU by AP govt. ARVARY PANI SANSAD by Government of Rajasthan.
- Construction of check dams, plantation
- Making compulsory to the public to make rainwater harvesting before constructing building done in TN

RAINWATER HARVESTING
- It is the method of capturing and storing rainwater, for various uses.
- Refilled the ground water wells
- It improves water quality
- Reduces the water pollution
- Dilution of salts takes place in the water
- Rainwater harvesting is practiced in different areas by different tribes
- Harvesting through service wells, recharge wells kund or tanka
- It increases ground water level

NATIONAL WATER POLICY
- Multipurpose projects should include drinking water
- Provide drinking water to all animals and man is first priority
- Regulation of exploitation of ground water - Both ground and surface water quality should be regularly
- Increase the efficacy use of water
- Awareness of importance of water to be imparted to the common people
- Conservation of water to be realized by the all people

CASE STUDY RALEGAN SIDDHI
- It is an example for watershed development
- A retired army personnel realized the importance of water shed and convinced the public
- Voluntary participation took place and developed the water shed
- The status of village is changed
- Dependency started declining
- Tarun mandal was formed to control pollution
- Controlled grazing started
- Dry crops were started growing
- Community leaders took the control of the village
- People developed each other
- It is the model village in India

Important Questions NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 Water Resources

Question. On which one of the following rivers Sardar Sarovar Dam is built?
(A) River Kaveri
(B) River Krishna
(C) River Narmada
(D) River Satluj
Answer. D

Question. Which chemical has concentrated in water in Bihar?
(A) Salt
(B) Salinity
(C) Fluoride
(D) Arsenic
Answer. D

Question. Which out of the following has the highest use of groundwater?
(A) Punjab
(B) Chhattisgarh
(C) Bihar
(D) Kerala
Answer. A

Question. Haryali program is related to development of:
(A) Forest Cover
(B) Watershed Development
(C) Soil Conservation
(D) Food Grain Production
Answer. B

Question. Environment Protection Act was implemented in:
(A) 1974
(B) 1986
(C) 1988
(D) 1997
Answer. B

Question. Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in ground water resources:
(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) Bihar-West Bengal
(C) Rajasthan-Maharashtra
(D) Punjab-Haryana
Answer. C

Question. Which one of the following rivers has the highest replenishable groundwater resource in the country?
(A) The Indus
(B) The Brahmaputra
(C) The Ganga
(D) The Godavari
Answer. C

Question. Neeru-Meeru program belongs to which state?
(A) Gujarat
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Punjab
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer. D

Question. What stands for the CPCB?
(A) The Commandant Pollution Control Board
(B) The Central Pollution Control Board
(C) The Central Polythene Control Board
(D) None of these
Answer. B

Question. In which year, Government of India has launched ‘Jal Kranti Abhiyan’ ?
(A) 2011-12
(B) 2013-14
(C) 2015-16
(D) 2017-18
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following statement about water resources is NOT true?
(A) Water is a cyclic resource.
(B) Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with fresh water
(C) Approximately 97% of the total water on the earth is saline water.
(D) India accounts about 4% of the world's water resources.
Answer. B

Question. Which part of the Yamuna river is most polluted in India?
(A) Between Mathura and Etawa.
(B) Between Delhi and Mathura.
(C) Between Delhi and Etawa.
(D) Between Agra and Mathura.
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(A) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act- 1974
(B) Environment Protection Act . 1988
(C) The Water Cess Act- 1977
(D) None of the above
Answer. B

Question. Which one is not a key feature of India’s National Water Policy, 2002?
(A) Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority.
(B) Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater.
(C) The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.
(D) Awareness of water as a scarce resource should not be fostered
Answer. D

Question. Water scarcity is possibility to pose the greatest challenge on account of.
(A) Increasing population.
(B) Excess use of water.
(C) Water pollution.
(D) All of the above
Answer. D

Question. Assertion (A): The states like Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal have vast surface water resources in lagoons and lakes.
Reason(R): It is used for fishing and irrigating certain varieties of paddy crops, coconut etc,,
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following states made compulsory to install rainwater harvesting system while constructing houses or buildings?
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Karnataka
(C) Kerala
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer. A

Question. What factors are responsible for the highest groundwater development in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu?
Answer. Groundwater development in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu has been intense due to irrigated agriculture because:
• The development of irrigation to increase agricultural production and these were the target regions for green revolution.
• Spatio-temporal variability in rainfall makes irrigation a necessary alternative for agriculture in the country.
• Provision of irrigation makes multiple cropping possible.

Question. What is watershed management? Do you think it can play an important role in sustainable development?
Answer. Watershed management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources with community participation. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater through various methods like percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc. Watershed management aims at bringing about balance between natural resources on the one hand and society on the other. The success of watershed development largely depends upon community participation. The Project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people’s participation:
• Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. The Central and State Governments have initiated many watershed development and management programmes in the country:
• Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc., through people’s participation.

Question. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows.

i) Give an appropriate title to the given diagram.
Answer. Rain water harvesting through Roof top collection
ii) How is rainwater harvested through this technique?
Ans. Rainwater harvesting from roof tops use artificially created catchment, which are drained into a service well which recharges ground water.

Question. Write down major objectives of rainwater harvesting and mention some low cost rainwater harvesting techniques.
Answer.  Objectives
- Meet ever increasing demand
- Reduce run off which chokes drains.
- Avoid flooding of roads
- Augment of groundwater storage and raise the water table.
- Reduce groundwater pollution
- Improve quality of groundwater
- Reduce soil erosion
- Supplement domestic water requirement during summer and drought.

Low cost rainwater harvesting techniques
- Roof water harvesting
- Refilling of dug-wells
- Recharge of hand pumps
- Construction of percolation pits and trenches.

Question. “Water harvesting system is an effective measure to reduce the problem of water scarcity.” Justify the statement.
Answer. Water is an essential item for human existence but it is also one of the mostmisused commodities. Through the passage of time, early societies understood the importance and need for water and planned their lives around it. Civilizations have been born and lost on account of water. Today, we have the advantage of this knowledge.
Rain is the primary source of water, but we get rain only during the monsoon season in India during the months of July, August and September. Even in these three months it has been found that most areas get about 80% of the annual rain in about just 24 days.
A large amount of this precious water just drains away. The only way to save this water from wastage is by rain water harvesting. In its simplest form it involves storing the rain water in tanks, or by making embankments etc. The different methods of rain water harvesting used in India have been as follows:
(a) Guls or Kuls in the Western Himalayas
(b) Rooftop rain water harvesting in Rajasthan associated with tankas .Khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan were also popular.
(c) Inundation channels in West Bengal
(d) In Meghalaya which gets copious rain, rain water harvesting is commonly practiced.
(e) In modern civil construction and housing societies provision for rain water harvesting

Question. How have Industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing fresh water resources in India? Explain with examples.
Answer. Post independence India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation.
(i) Arrival of MNC's : Apart from fresh water they required electricity which comes from hydroelectric power.
(ii) Multiplying urban centers with large and dense population and urban life styles have only added to water and energy requirements, which has further aggravated the problem.
(iii) Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.

Question. Describe any three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of India.
Answer. (i) In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like 'gul' or 'kul' in eastern Himalaya for agriculture.
(ii) Roof-top rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water particularly in Rajasthan.
(iii) In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are converted into rainfed storage structures that allow the water to stand and moist the soil.

Question. Describe the procedure for roof top rainwater harvesting.
Answer. (i) Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe.
(ii) Collected water is filtered using sand and bricks.
(iii) Underground pipe is used to take the water to the tank for immediate usage.
(iv) Excess water from the tank is taken to the well.
(v) Water from the well recharges the underground water.

Question. Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both socioeconomically and environmentally in a country like India?
Answer. Keeping into view the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system is considered a viable alternative both socio-economically and environmentally.
(i) In ancient India also along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed and extra-ordinary tradition of various water harvesting systems.
(ii) People adopted different techniques in different areas. In hilly regions people build diversion channels like the 'guls' or 'Kuls' for agriculture.
(iii) Roof-top rain water harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
(iv) In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. Khadins, Johads and Tanks are the forms of rain water harvesting practised in Rajasthan.

Question. Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of rooftop rainwater harvesting system practised in Rajasthan.
Answer. (i) In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water. They are extremely reliable source of drinking water when other sources dry up. Rain water is considered the purest form of natural water.
(ii) The tanks can be as large as big rooms.
(iii) The tanks were part of the well-developed roof-top rainwater harvesting systems.
(iv) The tanks were built inside the main house or the courtyard giving cooling effect to the rooms in the summer.
(v) Those tanks were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses by a pipe.
(vi) Rain falling on these rooftops would travel down the pipe and get stored in these underground tanks.
(vii) Usually first rain water is not collected as it cleans the rooftop and get the pipe.

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