CBSE Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities Assignment

SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Secondary activities involve manufacturing processes and construction (infrastructure) industries. Conversion of iron ore into steel, making yarn out of cotton, etc. The secondary sector depends on the primary sector for the raw materials necessary for production. People engaged in secondary activities are called blue-collar workers.

Characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing

The following are the characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing –
1. Specialisation of skills/Methods of production – It involves the production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly, making the worker specialised in that skill.
2. Mechanisation – The industries use machines for the production processes. Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation wherein, human thinking during the manufacturing process is not required.
3. Technological Innovations – Modern technology and constant innovations are done through research and development strategy for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.
4. Organisational Structure and Stratification – Modern manufacturing is characterised by complex machine technology, vast capital, extreme specialisation, and division of labour. Large organisations and executive bureaucracy.
5. Uneven Geographic Distribution – The manufacturing industries are concentrated in regions rich in minerals and other resources. Modern manufacturing industries cover less than 10% of the world’s land area and these nations have become the centres of economic and political power. Industrial Locations Industries should be located at places where the production costs are minimum in order to maximise profits.

The following factors influence industrial locations:
1. Access to market- “Market” means people who have a demand for the manufactured goods and also have the ability to purchase (purchasing power) from the sellers at a place.
2. Access to raw materials – Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing materials (ores) are located close to the source of raw materials like sugar, steel and cement industries.
3. Access to labour supply – Labour supply is also an important factor in the location of industries. However, increased mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have decreased the dependence of industries on labour.
4. Access to sources of energy – Industries requiring more power are situated close to the source of energy supply like the aluminium industry.
5. Access to transportation and communication facilities – Efficient transportation and communication are essential for the development of industries.
6. Government policies – Government adopts regional policies to promote balanced economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
7. Access to Agglomeration Economies/link between industries – It refers to the benefits derived from the linkages that exist between different industries Classification of Manufacturing

Industries Industries are classified on the basis of:
1. Size
2. Raw materials/Inputs
3. Products/Outputs
4. Ownership

1. Classification on the basis of size –

a) Household or Cottage Industries –
- The smallest manufacturing unit.
- Simple tools and local raw materials are used by the artisans.
- Products are made at home with the help of family members or part-time labourers.

b) Small Scale Industries –
- These are characterised by simple power-driven machines, local raw material and semi-skilled labour.
- It provides employment and increases local purchasing power.

c) Large Scale Industries –
- It involves mass production, multiple raw materials, huge energy, specialised workers, advanced technology, mass production and large capital.
- Large-scale industrial regions are broadly classified into two types-
- Traditional large-scale industrial regions which are thickly clustered in a few, more developed countries.
- High technology large-scale industrial regions which are diffused to less developed countries.

2. Classification on the basis of raw materials/inputs –

a) Agro-based Industries –
- The industries procure raw materials from the fields and farms which are processed into finished products like fruit juices, oil, beverages, sugar, rubber, textiles, etc.

b) Mineral-based Industries –
- Here minerals are used as raw materials.
- Ferrous metallic minerals (for iron and steel industries), non-ferrous metallic minerals (for aluminium, copper and jewellery industries), and non-metallic minerals (for cement and pottery industries) are used.

c) Forest-based Industries – Forests provide timber for the furniture industry, wood, bamboo and grass for the paper industry and Lac for the lac industry.

d) Animal-based Industries – Industries that depend on animal products include leather, woollen textile and ivory (made from the tusks of elephants) industries.

3. Classification on the basis of output/product-
a) Basic Industries – The industries that produce raw materials to be used in other industries are called basic industries. For example, iron and steel forms the base for other industries, and therefore, it is called the basic industry.

b) Non-Basic industries/Consumer Goods Industries –
These industries produce goods which are directly consumed by the consumer e.g., industries manufacturing soaps and detergents, bread and biscuits.

4. Classification on the basis of ownership-
a) Public Sector Industries – These are owned and managed by the governments. In India, these industries are called Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Mixed economies have both Public and Private Sector Enterprises. Socialist economies have mostly state-owned industries.
b) Private Sector Industries – These are owned and managed by private organisations. In Capitalist economies, industries are generally owned by private investors.
c) Joint Sector Industries – These are managed by Joint Stock Companies or established and managed by private and public sectors together.

RUHR COAL FIELD –

GERMANY
One of the major industrial area
2. Coal, iron, steel are bases for the economy
3. Demand for coal declined so industry shrinking
4. Ruhr region is producing 80% of steel production
5. Problems of industrial waste and pollution
6. New industries emerged in the place of old industries such as car assembly new chemical industry, universities.

CONCEPT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

Latest generation manufacturing unit
2. Application of R&D unit
3. Professional workers(white collar) share large group
4. Highly skilled specialists (blue collar) also working
5. Robotics are used in assembly line 6. Computer Aided Design is used
7. Electronic controls
8. Neatly spaced, low modern dispersed office plant and lab buildings
9. Planned business parks for high-tech industries
10. Regionally concentrated, self sustained highly specialized techno-poles
11. Silicon valley in San Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are techno poles.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities MCQs

Question. Jindal steel is under this sector of economy.
a) Public
b) Private
c) Joint
d) Co-operative
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following sub-sectors of cotton textile industry did Mahatma Gandhi support by encouraging the use of Khadi?
a) Handloom
b) Powerloom
c) Mill-sector
d) None of these
Answer. A

Question. Why traditional heavy industries also called smokestack industries?
a. Because they produce smoke stacks.
b. Because they are easily recognizable from a distance as the presence of stacks surround the main factory.
c. Because of the presence of flue-gas stacks continuously release smoke and cause high pollution
d. Because these industries continuously release chemicals through sewage pipes
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following is not a reason why certain industries tend to be located closer to the urban areas?
a. Efficient transport
b. Skilled labour
c. Open land area
d. Efficient
Answer. C

Question. Jute industry in West Bengal grown up based on……….
a. Availability of labour
b. Government policies
c. Availability of raw jute
d. Transport network
Answer. C

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Secondary activities provide finished goods for the consumption of consumers.
II. Secondary activities are involved in transforming raw materials into valuable products.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statement are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer. D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Iron ore cannot be used directly from the mining areas.
II. Iron ore is a raw material.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statements are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I
Answer. D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option for the same.
I. Research and development strategy plays a great role in technological innovations.
II. Technological innovations enable quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following is not a secondary economic activity?
(a) Mining
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Timber processing
(d) All of these
Answer. D

Question. Which of the following factors promote large-scale manufacturing?
(a) Large use of energy
(b) Advance technology
(c) Assembly lines
(d) All of these
Answer. D

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Countries Places of iron and steel industry
(a) UK — Scun Thorpe
(b) Germany — Moscow
(c) France — ST. Ettienne
(d) UKraine — Krivai Rog
Answer. B

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Individual investors and private organisations have the authority to own and manage the private sector industries.
II. In capitalist countries, industries are generally owned privately.
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect
Answer. B 

Question. Match the following
Industries based on raw material  Product
a. Agro based            i. wool
b. forest based          ii. cement
c. animal based         iii. plastic
d. mineral based       iv. rubber
e. chemical based      v. lac
Select one
a. a.-iv,b.-i., c.-iii.,d.-ii,e.-v
b. a.-iv.,b.-v.,c.-i.,d.-ii.,e.-iii
c. a.-iii.,b.-ii.,c.-iv.,d.-v.,e.-i.
d. a.-iii.,b.-v.,c.-I,d.-iv.,e.-ii.
Answer. B

Question. Assertion(A): the iron and steel industry has shifted from the coal fields towards iron ore fields.
Reason(R): now a days, only 1/6th quantity of the coal is required than earlier, for the processing of same amount of iron ore. a. Both A and R are true and R explains A b. Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A c. A is true, but R is false d. A is false, but R is true.
Answer. A

Question. Assertion(A): maximum concentration of jute mills in India is located between Naihati and Kolkata.
Reason(R): jute industry in India, is traditionally export oriented. a. Both A and R are true and R explains A b. Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A c. A is true, but R is false d. A is false, but R is true.
Answer. B

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Case Based MCQs

Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

Cotton textile industry has three sub-sectors i.e. handloom, powerloom and mill sectors. Handloom sector is labour-intensive and provides employment to semi-skilled workers. It requires small capital investment. Why did Mahatma Gandhi propagate Khadi as part of the independence movement? This sector involves spinning, weaving and finishing of the fabrics. The powerloom sector introduces machines and becomes less labour intensive and the volume of production increases. Cotton textile mill sector is highly capital intensive and produces fine clothes in bulk.
Cotton textile manufacturing requires good quality cotton as raw material. India, China, USA, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt produce more than half of the world’s raw cotton. The UK, NW European countries and Japan also produce cotton textile made from imported yarn. Europe alone accounts for nearly half of the world’s cotton imports.
The industry has to face very stiff competition with synthetic fibres hence it has now shown a declining trend in many countries. With the scientific advancement and technological improvements the structure of industries changes.
For example, Germany recorded constant growth in cotton textile industry since Second World War till the seventies but now it has declined. It has shifted to less developed countries where labour costs are low.

Question. Name the countries which produce more than 50 per cent of the world’s raw cotton. Why cotton industry is diminishing?
Answer. Counties like India, China, U.S.A, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Egypt produce more than 50 per cent of the world’s raw cotton. Cotton industry is showing a diminishing trend as it is facing stiff competition with synthetic fibres.

Question. India is one of the major producers of cotton in the world but this industry is facing many problems nowadays. State any two such problems.
Answer. It is true that India is one of the major producers of cotton in the world but this industry is facing many problems nowadays which are
(i) Indian cotton mill industry has to face stiff competition from powerloom and handloom sector, synthetic fibres and from products of other countries.
(ii) Most of the textile mills are old with obsolete machinery. This results in low productivity and Inferior quality.

Question. Give any two limitations of mill sector of cotton textile industry.
Answer. The limitation of mill sector of cotton textile industries is that is highly capital intensive.
It requires a large amount of investment for production.

Question. Complete the following

Answer. a. ownership, b. agro based, c.mineral based, d.chemical based, e.forest based f. animal based

Question.

Identify the type of industry?
 Mention the characteristics of industry?
Differentiate agri business and agro processing?
Answer. a. agro based industry b. it involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for rural and urban markets. c. Agri business is commercial farming on an industrial scale often financed by business whose main interest lie outside agriculture. Agro processing includes canning, producing cream, fruit processing and confectionery

Question. What is automation ?
Answer. Where machines, use gadgets to do work, it is called automation. It is without human thinking. It is an advanced stage of mechanisation. These have computer control systems

Question. Secondary activities add value to natural resources.’ Explain with two examples.
Answer. Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into more usable products. Most of the materials from the farm, forest, mine and the sea are transformed into valuable products. Secondary activities, therefore are concerned with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure) industries

Question. What are the characteristics of traditional large scale Industrial regions ?
Answer. Traditional Large-Scale Industrial Regions
These are based on heavy industry, often located near coalfields and engaged in metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacture or textile production. These industries are now known as smokestack industries

Question. Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centers?
Answer. High technology, or simply high tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. Professional workers make up for a large number of the total workforce. These professional skilled workers are located in urban areas, and due to high rent in the central areas of the cities, they situate themselves in the periphery.
The industry is also situated in the periphery because of the low rent, and also because of the closeness to the urban centres which provide them with availability of the workers. Neatly spaced, low, modem, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. This requires large areas for massive set up which due to increased population in major metropolitan cities is not available. Hence, these industries are set up near the urban centers where adequate space is available. Also their situation near urban places helps them to gain access to the-urban market, and also to tap the skilled workforce that is available therein due to availability of educational institutes.
Example in case would be Gurgaon in Haryana, which has grown into one of the greatest high tech hub near Delhi.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Short Answer Type Questions

Question. In what way secondary activities add value to natural resources? Give three examples.
Answer. Secondary activities add value to the natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. For example,
(i) Cotton in the boll has limited use, but after transforming into yarn, it becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes.
(ii) Iron-ore cannot be used directly from the mines but after being converted into steel, it can be used for making many valuable machines, tools, etc.
(iii) Materials from the farms, forest products and resources of the sea can be put into greater use by secondary activities.

Question. What are household industries? Give any three characteristics of these industries.
Answer. Household industries are the smallest and simplest type of industries. In these industries, the artisans with local raw materials and simple tools produce everyday goods.
The characteristics of these industries are
(i) The work in these industries is done at home with the help of family members or with part time labour. They manufacture daily use products.
(ii) There is not much requirement of capital in these industries. There is not much requirement of a transportation system as products are created locally and it has low commercial significance.
(iii) The finished products of this industry may be for local consumption in the same household or village or local markets.

Question. Distinguish between cottage industry and small scale industry.
Answer. The main differences between cottage industry and small scale industry are

Question. What are small scale industries? Why are they important?
Answer. Small scale industries are extended form of cottage industry. But the methods used in small scale industry are different from those of cottage industry.
It is characterised by the use of local raw materials, simple power driven machines and semi-skilled labour.
Importance of small scale industries is
- Small scale industries contribute to the manufacturing and industrial output of a country.
They contribute to the industrial exports and provide a base for the large scale industries.
- They have flexibilities in operations and small market. There is more use of domestic resource in a productive manner.
- This industry raises employment and increases the purchasing capacity of local people. Developing countries like India, China, Brazil etc depend upon the small scale industries to generate employment for their large population.

Question. Explain in brief about traditional large scale industrial regions. State any two characteristics of them.
Answer. Traditional large scale industrial regions are associated with the heavy industries like metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacturing and textile production. They are usually located near coal fields. These industries are also called smokestack industries because they are the most polluting industries.
The two characteristics of these industries are
(i) Large labour force is engaged in production. It is also characterised by crowded and low quality poor houses, environment is unpleasant and full of pollution, waste disposals, etc.
(ii) It is characterised by problems of unemployment and emigration because of closure of factories due to worldwide fall in demands.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Examine any five factors that influence the location of Industries in the world. 
Answer. The five factors influencing the industrial location in the world are
(i) Access to Market Market is a place where people,who have demand for goods and the ability to purchase, buy from the sellers, selling their goods at that place. Market affects the location of an industry. A manufacturing unit is established near the market area. Areas having more population are big markets for manufactured goods, as compared to areas having less population. Apart from it, areas having population with more purchasing power from big markets.
(ii) Access to Raw Material Industries that use heavy, bulky and weight-losing raw material are established near the source of raw material. For example, in sugar industries, sugarcane is a perishable and weight-losing raw material. To reduce the transport cost, industries are located near the source of raw material.
(iii) Access to Sources of Energy Industries using more power and energy are established near the source of energy. For example, aluminum industry.
(iv) Access to Transportation and Communication Industries are located in areas that have efficient transport network to get raw material from various regions and supply manufactured goods to market. Communication network is also needed to communicate ideas. Thus, transport and communication are important factors that affect the location of an industry.
(v) Government Policies Favourable government policies that promote industrialisation is also important in deciding the location of an industry.

Question. Write a short note on cotton textile industry. Also mention its sub sectors in brief
Answer. Cotton textile industry is an agro-based industry which requires a huge amount of cotton as raw material. It is distributed all over the world. It is located in India, China, USA, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt etc which produce more than half of the world’s raw cotton. The UK, North-West European countries and Japan import cotton yarn to produce cotton textile. Europe alone accounts for nearly half of the world’s cotton imports.
But this industry has now shown a declining trend in many countries due to a stiff competition with synthetic fibres. With the scientific advancement and technological improvement the industrial structure is showing a change. For example, from Second World War till the 1970s, Germany was the leading producer of cotton textiles but now it has declined. Cotton textiles has shifted to less developed countries where labour cost is low as compared to developed countries.

This industry has three sub-sectors
(i) Handloom Sector It is a labour-intensive sector that provides employments to semi-skilled workers.It needs only a small capital investment. It includes spinning, weaving and finishing of the fabric process.
(ii) Powerloom Sector Powerlooms are less labour-internsive due to introduction of machines which increases the volume production. These sectors are highly capital intensive. They require good quality raw cotton.
(iii) Mill Sector This sector is highly capital intensive and produces fine clothes in bulk.