CBSE Class 6 Science Human Body and its Movement Exam Notes

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Human Body and its Movement

Locomotion
The movement of an organisations body from one place to another is called locomotion. Locomotion involves the whole body but only a particular body part is used for locomotion.
Locomotion helps animals
a) To move from an unfavourable environment to a favourable environment.
b) To find their food, and water.
c) To protect themselves from their enemies.
d) To find their partners (mates) for reproduction.
e) To find suitable place for laying eggs or rearing their young ones.

Body Movements
A change in the position of any part of the body with respect to its axis is called movement. Stationary animals such as sponges, corals and sea anemone show this kind of movement. For example, when you agree or disagree with someone, you shake your head. This shaking of head is called movement of head. For any body movement, energy and coordination between different organ systems are required. All animals meet their energy requirements through nutrition and respiration.

Important movements in our body are
a) Movement of heart muscles
b) Movement of teeth and jaw during eating
c) Movement of eye lids
d) Circulation of blood in the body
Human body and its movements Our body has a lot of flexibility. It can move its parts in different direction easily.
For example:
i) You can bend your leg at the knee. You cannot bend it beyond 180°.
ii) You can rotate your arm around your shoulder. You can move your arm sideway, upwards and downwards.
iii) You can bend your arm at the elbow. You can not bent it backwards.
iv) You can turn your neck around, up and down and side to side.

Joints
The place where two or more bones meet are termed joints in other words a joint is the region of the
movement between two bones that work on one another.

In vertebrates there are three kinds of joints:
i) Perfect joints
ii) Imperfect joints
iii) Immovable or fixed joints

i) Perfect joints: Perfect joints are those which make free movement possible in various direction. Perfect joints are of four types:
a) Ball and socket joints
b) Hinge joints
c) Pivot joints
d) Gliding joints

a) Ball and Socket Joints: These joints allow movement in most directions e.g. shoulder and hip joints. 

Shoulder Joints: Shoulder joint of man is made up of the rounded upper end of the humerus which fits into the shallow glenoid cavity.

Hip Joints: The hip joints is similar to the should joints. The acetabulum of the pelvic girdle is much deeper than the glenoid fossa and ball on the upper end of the femur is larger than the head of humerus.

b) Hinge Joints: These permit only to and fro movement in one plane. Joint between upper and lower arm (elbow joint). Thigh and lower leg (knee joint) and fore arm and wrist joint. Between the phalages of all the digits.

c) Pivot Joints: Such joints allow rotation only. It is this type of joint which enables you to turn your head from side to side.

d) Gliding Joints: In these joints the bones slide over each other and the movements allowed are in all planes but very limited e.g. The joints between distal end of radius and ulna.

ii) Imperfect Joints: In this type bones are separated by a layer of cartilage and a very limited amount of movement of one bone upon the other is made possible by the flexibility of the intervening cartilage.

iii) Immovable or Fixed Joints: These joints allow no movement such joints are present between the skull bones of an adult man.

The Skeletal System
The framework of bones and cartilages which supports the body of an animal or human is called its skeletal system. Human skeletal is made up of 206 bones and cartilages. Bones are hard. Cartilages are soft and elastic. Human skeleton consists of the skull, backbone, ribs, breastbone, bones in arms and legs, shoulder bone, hip or pelvic bone. 

vii) The Leg Bones: The leg includes, the thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot and the toes.

a)   The thigh bone is the strongest and longest bone in the body. 

b)   The lower leg consists of two bones.

c)   The ankles consists of several small bones.

d)   In the frontal part of the knee, there is a disc-like cap called patella. e)   The foot has five longer bones.

f)   Each toe has three smaller bones.

g)   In a normal foot, the bones are set to form an arch-like arrangement. The feet arches provide good support to the body.

h)   In a flat foot, the bones are not arched. Some people with flat foot feel pain.

viii) Cartilage: These are not as hard as the bones and can be bend. These are called cartilage. Upper part of ear is made of cartilage. Lower portion of ear (ear lobe) is fost.

Gait of Animals

Different animals use different organs to move from one place to another.

Birds: Birds have two kind of locomotion. Birds can walk on any surface with their legs. Bones of the handling are fit for walking and perching. Birds fly in the air by spreading their wings. The body of the birds is streamlined and suitable for fly. There bones are hollow and light in weight. Bony parts of the forelimbs are modified as wings. Duck and Swan can also swin in water.

Fish: Fish have a spindle-shaped streamlined body. This shape of the body helps it to move in water.  Fish use their muscular tail and fins for swimming. Air filled swim bladders make the body buoyant. During swimming, the front part of the body and the tail part curve in opposite direction. This makes jerk and pushes the body forward. The paired and unpaired fins help to keep the balance of the body and to keep direction. 

Snakes: The long body of snake consists of a large number of vertebrae. The adjoining vertebrae ribs and skin are interconnected with slender body muscles. Movement of snake is called slithering. 

Cockroach: Cockroach can walk and climb on a surface an can also fly upto short distance in the air,. In cockroach exoskeleton is jointed and permits movement. Three pairs of joined legs attached to the breast region, help the cockroach to walk.

The two pairs of wings are attached to the breast. In the breast region there are strong and large muscles. These muscles move the legs for walking, another set of breast muscles move  the wing during flying.

Earthworm: Earthworm and leeches move by contracting and expanding their bodies. There are bristle like projections called setae which help in movement. The muscular movement push their blood in the direction of the body movement. 

Snail: The body of the snail is covered with a hard shell. This shell cannot help in movement. The snail comes out of a circular hole in the shell. The snail has a muscular foot which is a part of its belly and help it in locomotion.

Fill in the blanks:

Question. Food pipe and wind pipe originate in the ______________ .
Answer : Pharynx.

Question. Person of blood group _______________ is called a universal donor.
Answer : ‘O’

Question. WBCs act as _____________ in our body.
Answer :  Soldiers

Question. Each lung has double layered covering, called as _____________.
Answer : pleura.

Question. Human heart is made up of involuntary ____________ muscles.
Answer : cardiac

 Match the following:
Answer :

1. Heartbeat           5000-6000 Per mm3
2. WBC                  2.4 - 41 lakh
3. Blood donation    Decastello and Sturils
4. Platelets             72
5. Study of blood    370C

True or False :

Question. Each lung has single layer covering pleura.
Answer : False.

Question. Cells need the Supply of Soluble nutrients and axygen for energy production.
Answer : True.

Question. Energy Production occur within the cells.
Answer : True.

Question. Blood group ‘O’ was discovered by Decastello and Sturli in 1902.
Answer : False.

Question. Heart pumps about 75 ml of blood during each beat.
Answer : True.

Name the following :

Question. Blood pressure of a Healthy person.
Answer : 120/80 mm to 13g/8g mm

Question. The small compartments present in the lungs.
Answer : Alveoli

Question. Person who recieves blood.
Answer : Blood donor.

Question. Iron containing protein in RBCs.
Answer : Haemoglobin

Question. The pH of Blood.
Answer : 7.4

Answer the following : 

Question. How does exchange of gases take place in lungs?
Answer : Gaseous exchange occurs continuously while blood is Circulating around the alveoli. An iron containing protein-hemoglobin is present in the RBCs of blood. Hemoglobin absorbs the oxygen from air within alveoli. Simultaneously, CO2 and water vapor’s move from blood into the alveoli. Thus, oxygen is taken into the blood and CO2 and water vapor’s are removed from the blood and given out by exhalation.

Question. State the importance of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Answer : (a) Arteries : Blood vessels which carry the blood away from heart are called as arteries. Except the one carrying blood towards lungs, all carry oxygenated blood. These vessels do not have valves.
(b) Veins : Vessels carrying the blood from lungs transport deoxygenated blood.
(c) Capillaries : Arteries gradually branch out with decrease in their diameter as they spread in the body and finally form fine hair like vessels called as capillaries. Capillary network in
present in each organ.

Question. Which life processes occur continuously in our body?
Answer : Respiratory process and circulation occurs continuously in our body.

Question. Which organ are present in the respiratory system.
Answer : Human respiratory system consists of nose, pharynx, wind pipe, lungs and diaphragm.

Question. What is Cellular respiration? 
Answer : Dissolved nutrients like glucose are slowly burnt (oxidized) with the help of oxygen and energy is released in the form of ATP.
Waste materials like CO2 and water vapor’s are produced during this process. Cellular respiration can be summarized as follows.
C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38ATP).

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