SECTION - A (READING)
1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
(1) We are what we eat. The type of food we eat has both immediate and long-term effect on us, at all the three levels - the body, the mind and the spirit. Food which is tamasik (i.e. stale or leftover) in nature is bound to generate stress as it tends to upset the normal functioning of the human body. Fresheners should be
avoided. Taking piping hot tea/milk or steaming hot food, whenever available, must be preferred. Excessive use of condiments also disturbs one’s usually calm attitude. Further, it is a mistaken belief that smoking or drinking, even in moderation, relieves stress. Simple meals with one or two food items, rather than too many
lavish dishes, are advisable. Thus, vegetarian diet is preferable. Although it is customary to serve fruits with food, it is not the right thing to do. This is because different kinds of digestive secretions are produced by the stomach for variant foods. Mixing up too many varieties of food items at one meal creates problems for
the digestive system. In fact, any one type of fruit, preferably taken in the morning is better.
(2) On an average, we eat almost three to four times the quantity of food than we actually need. A lot of body’s energy is used up for digesting the excess food. It is said that after a particular level of food intake, the ‘food actually eats one up’. It is always good to eat a little less than your ‘full-stomach’ capacity. Besides, never eat food unless you are really hungry. Having dinner at 8 or 9 pm after a heavy snack at 5 or 6 pm in the evening is asking for trouble. In fact skipping an odd meal is always good if the stomach is upset. There are varying views on the benefits of fasting. Giving a break to one’s stomach, at least once a week, by having only fruit
or milk, etc. may be worth trying.
(3) While a little bit of water taken with meals is all right, drinking 30 to 60 ml much water with food is not advisable. Water, taken an hour or so before or after meals, is good for digestion. One’s diet must be balanced with all the required nutrients for a healthy living. Also remember, excess of everything is bad. Related to
the problem of stress, excessive intake of salt is definitely out. Too much sugar, fried food and chillies are not good either. Overindulgence and excessive craving for a particular taste/type of food generates rajasik (aggressive) or at worst, tamasik (dull) tendencies.
(4) An even more important aspect of the relationship between food and stress lies not so much in what or how much we eat but how the food is taken. For example, food eaten in great hurry or in a state of anger or any other negative state of mind is bound to induce stress. How the food is served is also very important. Not
only the presentation, cutlery, crockery, etc. play a role, the love and affection with which the food is served is also significant. Finding faults with food while it is being eaten is the worst habit. It is better not to eat the food you do not like, rather than finding fault with it.
(5) It is good to have regular food habits. Workaholics who do not find time to eat food at proper meal times invite stomach ulcers. One must try to enjoy one’s food, and therefore, eating at the so-called lunch/dinner meetings is highly inadvisable. Every morsel of food should be enjoyed with a totally peaceful state of mind.
Food and discussions should not be mixed.
On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the questions from the six given below: (1 × 5 = 5)
(i) Why shouldn’t we serve food and fruits together?
Answer : Fruits should not be served together with food because they result in the secretion of different digestive secretions that can lead to problems in the digestive system.
(ii) When is the ideal time to consume fruits?
Answer : Consumption of fruits is ideal in the mornings rather than being included with other meals or mixing food items.
(iii) Why is it good to have regular food habits?
Answer : Having or maintaining regular food habits will help in the proper functioning of the stomach and thus maintain the overall health of the person.
(iv) Give one cause of stomach ulcers?
Answer : Stomach ulcers can be caused by irregular eating habits or improper meal times.
(v) “One must enjoy one’s meal.” What do you think this means?
Answer : It means one must take ample time to eat and not rush eating. Having a calm and proper eating habit is ideal for everyone.
(vi) What is the relationship between food and stress?
Answer : Food and stress are related in the way food is taken or consumed. This means that one must give proper time to eat and not rush or force while one is eating.
2. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) In this country, women, men and children have too often been attacked because of their identity as Dalits or tribals, religious or linguistic minorities. A recurring feature of such brutal hate crimes and mass violence is that elected and selected public officials fail to uphold their Constitutional duty: to secure equal protection to every citizen, regardless of their caste, faith or linguistic identity. They fail not because they lack the mandate, authority or legal powers but because they choose to fail, because the pervasive prejudice against these disadvantaged groups permeates large sections of the police, magistrate, judiciary and the political class.
(2) Based on my experience as a district officer, I am convinced that no riot or anti-Dalit massacre can continue for more than a few hours without the active collusion of the State. But public officials enabling massacre is not recognised explicitly as a crime. Officials who have been named as guilty of bias in numerous judicial commissions of enquiry have rarely been penalised.
(3) A similar culture of impunity surrounds those who instigate and participate in murder, arson and rape. Impunity is the assurance that you can openly commit a crime and not be punished. This impunity arises from infirmities in, and corrosion of the criminal justice system. The collapse of the justice machinery compounded when the victims are disadvantaged by caste, religion, or minority language. You are more likely to be punished when you murder a single person in ‘peace time’ with no witnesses, than if you slay 10 in broad daylight observed by hundreds of people.
(4) A careful study of major episodes of targeted violence have shown that despite being separated in time and space, there is a similarity in the systematic and active subversion of justice. The impunity of the accused begins immediately after the violence. Preventive arrests and searches usually target Dalits and minorities.
Police refuse to record the names of killers, rapists and arsonists and instead refer to anonymous mobs. If victims assert, ‘cross-cases’ are registered against them, accusing them of crimes. Arrests are partisan, the grant of bail even more so. Accused persons from dominant groups find it easy to get bail in weeks or atmost months, while those caught in ‘cross-cases’ are not released, sometimes for years.
(5) This openly discriminatory treatment of the accused based on whether they are from dominant or discriminated groups, is one way to coerce them to ‘compromise’. It amounts to extra-legal out-of-court ‘agreement’ by victims to turn ‘hostile’ and retract from their accusations in court. Victims are intimidated, offered inducements or threatened with exile or social boycott. Police investigation is deliberately shoddy, and most cases are closed even before they come to trial. The few that reach the court are demolished by the prosecution.
(6) It is agreed that no new laws are required to empower state officials to control targeted violence. Most crimes already exist in statute books, and no great punishment is called for. The National Advisory council’s (NAC) draft, Communal and Targeted Violence Bill does create a few new crimes, sexual assault, hate propaganda and torture - but these can be written into the Indian Penal Code.
(7) To discourage targeted hate-crimes in future, we require a law that creates the offence of dereliction of duty of public officials who deliberately fail to protect vulnerable groups. This must be coupled with the principle of command, responsibility, which ensures that responsibility for failing to act is carried to the level from which orders actually flow. This public accountability is at the heart of the NAC draft bill.
On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions. (1 × 5 = 5)
(i) What is the “Constitutional duty” of selected public officials mentioned in the first paragraph?
Answer : The “Constitutional duty” of selected public officials is to secure equal protection to all, regardless of what their caste, faith, or linguistic identity is.
(ii) What, according to the narrator, is “impunity” that is seen in most of crimes?
Answer : Impunity is the feeling of assurance that one’s crime like murder, arson or even rape can be openly committed and not be punished.
(iii) Why is it easy for criminals to get bail but harder for ‘cross-cases’?
Answer : Criminals easily get bail while victims of ‘crosscases’ are imprisoned even for several years because the accused persons are from dominant groups whereas victims of cross-cases are from the poorer or lower sections of society.
(iv) How are ‘victims’ made to accept out-of-court settlements.
Answer : An ‘out-of-court’ settlement such as intimidation, inducements or even threats or social boycotts are used to make ‘victims’ agree to retract their accusations.
(v) What is the author implying by the statement “the active collusion of the State”?
Answer : The author means that riots cannot happen for longer durations unless the state is conspiring to enable them. This means that states know or are somehow involved in such riots.
(vi) What is one way to discourage targeted hate-crimes?
Answer : One way to discourage targeted hate-crimes in future is to make a law that creates the offence of dereliction of duty of public officials who deliberately fail to protect and prevent crimes against vulnerable groups.
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