CBSE Class 12 Chemistry HOTs Chemistry in Everyday Life

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 

Question. Write the formula and IUPAC name of aspirin.
Answer.

Question. Name the type of drugs having following structural formula :

Answer. Sulpha drugs

Question. Name two types of the drugs classified on the basis of pharmacological effect.
Answer. Analgesics, Antiseptics.

Question. What is the role of Bithional in toilet soaps ?
Answer. To impart antiseptic properties to soaps.

Question. Why is sodium benzoate added to packed containers of jams and pickles ?
Answer. It prevents spoilage of jams and pickles due to microbial growth. It is a food preservative.

Question. Why the receptors embedded in cell membranes show selectivity for one chemical messenger over the other ?
Answer. The active site of receptor has specific shape and specific functional groups which can bind only specific messenger which fits in.

Question. With reference to which classification has the statement ‘Ranitidine is an antacid’ been given ?
Answer. Classification based on pharmacological effect.

Question. Give the name of medicine used for the treatment of syphilis.
Answer. Salvarsan.

Question. Give the composition of tincture of iodine.
Answer. 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture.

Question. How does aspirin act as analgesic ?
Answer. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins which cause pain.

Question. Name the antiseptic agents present in dettol.
Answer. Chloroxylenol and Terpinol.

Question. What precaution should be taken before administrating penicillin to a patient ?
Answer. To confirm beforehand that the patient is not allergic to penicillin.

Question. Explain why aspirin finds use in prevention of heart attacks ?
Answer. Due to anti blood clotting activity.

Question. Mention one use of drug meprobamate.
Answer. Antidepressant drug.

SHORT ANSWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. What are antihistamines ? Give two examples.
Answer. The group of compounds which destroy histamine produced in the body by allergens. E.g., Bromopheniramine, seldane.

Question. What are narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics ? Give one example of each.
Answer. Non-narcotics are the drugs which relieve or decrease pain without causing unconsciousness. Example, Aspirin.
Nartotics analgesics are those drugs which relieve pain, but produce sleep and unconsciousness. Example, Morphine.

Question. Explain the following terms as used in medicinal chemistry :
(i) Target molecules (ii) Enzyme inhibitors
Answer. (i) Drugs that interact with biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, are called target molecules.
(ii) They inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

Question. Give one important use of each of the following :
(i) Equanil (ii) Morphine
Answer. (i) Tranquilizer (antidepressant).
(ii) Narcotic analgesics

Question. What are neurologically active drugs ? Give two examples.
Answer. Tranquilizers and analgesics are neurologically active drugs. Example : Equanil, morphine.

Question. (i) What are antibiotics ?
(ii) What is meant by the term broad spectrum antibiotic ?
Answer. (i) A substance produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis which in low concentration inhibits the growth or destroys microorganism by interfering with their metabolic processes.
(ii) Antibiotics which kills or inhibits wide range of bacteria.

Question. From the given examples – ciprofloxacin, phenelzine, morphine, ranitidine – choose the drug used for :
(i) treating allergic conditions (ii) to get relief from pain
Answer. (i) Ranitidine (ii) Morphine

Question. Why a drug should not be taken without consulting a doctor ? Give two reasons.
Answer. (i) To avoid side effects caused by drug.
(ii) To have the advice for proper dose of drug.

Question. State the main difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics.
Give one example of each.
Answer. Bacteriostatic antibiotics have inhibitory effect while bactericidal antibiotics have killing effect on microbes.
Example : Bacteriostatic antibiotic : Tetracycline Bactericidal antibiotic : Ofloxacin

Question. What are antifertility drugs ? Name the constituents of an oral contraceptive.
Answer. Drugs used to check pregnancy in women to control birth rate. Oral contraceptives contains a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.

SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. (i) Why are artificial sweetening agents harmless when taken ?
(ii) Name one such artificial sweeting agent.
(iii) Why is the use of aspartame as an artificial sweetener limited to cold foods ?
Answer. (i) Because they are not metabolized by body and excreted from the body in urine unchanged.
(ii) Aspartame.
(iii) Because it is unstable at cooking temperature.

Question. Pick out the odd one amongst the following on the basis of their medicinal properties. Give suitable reason :
(i) Luminal, seconal, terfenadine, equanil.
(ii) Chloroxylenol, phenol, chloamphenicol, bithional.
(iii) Sucralose, aspartame, alitame, sodium benzoate.
Answer. (i) Terfenadine is antihistamine other three are used as tranquilizers.
(ii) Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic. Other three have antiseptic properties.
(iii) Sodium benzoate is a food preservative. Other three are artificial sweetners.

Question. Give the main function of following in the body of human beings :
(i) Enzymes
(ii) Receptor proteins
(iii) Neurotransmitter
Answer. (i) Catalyse biochemical reactions.
(ii) Important for the communication system of the body.
(iii) They control mood changes in organisms.

Question. Identify the class of drug :
(i) Phenelzine (Nardin)
(ii) Aspirin
(iii) Cimetidine
Answer. (i) Antidepressant drug (ii) Analgesics and antipyretic
(iii) Antihistamine

Question. Give the pharmacological function of the following type of drugs :
(i) Analgesics (ii) Tranquilizers (iii) Antifertility drugs
Answer. (i) Which reduce or abolish pain.
(ii) They are neurologically active drugs used to treat mental diseases.
(iii) Drugs used to check pregnancy in women to control birth rate.

More Questions.

1 MARK QUESTIONS

Answer. Penicillin G.

 

Q. 13. Which antibiotic contains NO₂ group attached to aromatic nucleus in its structure ?

Answer. Chloramphenicol. 

Q. 14. What is the use of barbituric acid ?

Answer. Tranquilizer.

 

Q. 15. Name one analgesic drug which is also used to prevent heart attacks.

Answer. Aspirin. 

Q. 16. What is the application of the following molecule in everyday life ?

Answer. It is a detergent.

 

Q. 17. Give an example of a drug that is antipyretic as well as analgesic.

Answer. Paracetamol. 

Q. 18. Out of morphine, N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol, Diazepam and tetrahydrocatenol, which can be used as analgesic without causing addiction ?

Answer. N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol. 

Q. 19. Name a sugar substitute which is 160 times as sweet as surcrose.

Answer. Aspartame. 

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

 

Q. 1. When a mixture of salicylic acid, acetic anhydride and acetic acid is refluxed, what is the product obtained and what is its use in everyday life ?

Answer. Aspirin used as analgesic. 

Q. 2. Distinguish between a narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotic.

Answer. A narrow spectrum antibiotic works against a limited range of microbes whereas a broad spectrum antibiotic works against a large variety of microbes. 

Q. 3. What is Salvarson ? To which class of drugs does it belong ? For what distance is it used ?

Answer. Antimicrobial agent.

Used for the treatment of STD called Syphilis. 

Q. 4. How does apirin act as an analgesic ?

Answer. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins which stimulates inflammation of the tissue and cause pain. 

Q. 5. What are barbiturates ? To which class of drugs do they belong ?

Answer. 5, 5-derivatives of barbituric acid are called barbiturates. They belong to the class of tranquilizers. They also act as sleep producing agents. Eg. Luminal, Veronal. 

Q. 6. What is tincture iodine ? What is its use ?

Answer. Alcoholic Solution of I₂.Used as an antiseptic. 

Q. 7. To what class of medicines does chloramphericol belong ? For what disease can it be used ?

Answer. Broad spectrum antibiotic Used to cure typhoid, dysentry, acute fever. 

Q. 8. Pick the odd one amongst the following on the basis of their medicinal properties mentioning the reason.

(i) Luminal, seconal, phenacetin, equanil

(ii) Chloroxylenol, phenol, chlorampherical, bithional

Answer. (i) Phenacetin is an antipyretic while all the rest are tranquilisers.

(ii) Chlorampherical is an antibiotic while all the remaining are antiseptics.

 

Q. 9. Why is bithional added to soap ?

Answer. Acts as an antiseptic and reduces the odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin. 

Q. 10. Why are cimetidine or ranitidine better antacids than sodium bicarbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide ?

Answer. If excess of NaHCO₃ or Mg (OH)₂ or Al (OH)₃ is used, it makes the stomach alkaline and thus triggers the release of even more HCl. In contrast, cimetidine or ranitidine prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptor cells in the stomach wall and thus release lesser amount of HCl. 

Q. 11. Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks ?

Answer. It decomposes at baking or cooking temperatures and hence can be used only in cold foods and drinks. 

Q. 12. What problem arises in using alitane as artificial sweetener ?

Answer. It is a high potency artificial sweetener. Therefore it is difficult to control the sweetness of the food to which it is added. 

Q. 13. What is the purpose of adding antioxidants to food ? Give two examples of antioxidants.

Answer. They are added to prevent oxidation of fats and oils present in food thus preventing food from becoming rancid.

Eg. BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole)

BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS  

Question. Name the derivative of sucrose which tastes like sugar and can be safely used by weight conscious people.
Answer. Sucrolose.

Question. Why synthetic detergents are preferred over soaps for use in washing machines ?
Answer. They work well even with hard water and not form any scum.

Question. While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines,why do these not interfere with the function of each other ?
Answer. Antacids and antiallergic drugs bind to the different receptor sites.
Therefore, they do not interfere with the function of each other.

Question. Which of the following two compounds can be used as a surface agent and why ?
Answer. Compound (i) acts as a surface agent because its one end is hydrophobic while the other end is hydrophilic in nature.

Question. What type of drug is chloramphenicol ?
Answer. Bacteriostatic broad spectrum antibiotic.

Question. Name a chemical used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
Answer. Phenol. (0.2% solution antiseptic and 1% solution disinfectant)

Question. Give two examples of antidepressants.
Answer. Iproniazid, Phenelzine.

Question. Name the antioxidants commonly used to increase the storage of butter.
Answer. BHA (Butylated Hydroxy anisole).

Question. Give the name of medicine having – As = As – linkage.
Answer. Arsphenamine.

Question. Which antibiotic is supposed to be toxic towards certain strains of cancer cells ?
Answer. Sulphite.

Question. Name one antioxidant used in wine, butter and beers.
Answer. BHA, BHT.

Question. Hair shampoos belong to which class of synthetic detergent ?
Answer. They belong to cationic detergents. E.g., Cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide.

Question. Dishwashing soaps are synthetic detergents. What is their chemical nature ?
Answer. They are non-ionic detergents. E.g., Polyethylene glycol-stearate.

Question. What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings ? Name a drug
which can be useful in treating depression.
Answer. Low level of noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter causes depression in human beings. Antidepressant drugs are Iprniazid, Phenelzine.

Question. How is acidity cured with cimetidine or ranitidine ?
Answer. Cimetidine or Ranitidine prevents the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in stomach walls and therefore, secretion of acid is prevented.

SHORT ANSWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS 

Question. What do you mean by non-biodegradable detergents ? How can we make biodegradable detergents ?
Answer. Detergents which cannot be degraded by nature. Biodegradable detergents can be prepared by minimising the branching of the hydrocarbon chain, as unbranched chains can be biodegraded.

Question. If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate, which out of soap and detergent, will you prefer to use ? Why ?
Answer. We will use detergent because it will not form insoluble precipitate with Ca²⁺.

Question. What are barbiturates ? What is the action of barbiturates on human body ?
Answer. Barbaturic acid derivatives are called barbiturates. They are hypnotic (sleep inducing agents and tranquilizers e.g., valium, serotonin).

Question. Write the structures of soaps obtained by the hydrolysis of the following fats :
(i) (C₁₅H₃₁COO)₃C₃H₅ Glyceryl palmitate
(ii) (C₁₇H₃₃COO)₃C₃H₅ Glyceryl oleate
Answer. (i) C₁₅H₃₁COO⁻Na⁺ (ii) C₁₇H₃₃COO⁻Na⁺

Question. What are antagonists and agonists ?
Answer. Drugs which bind to the receptor site and inhibits its natural function. They are useful when blocking of message is required.
Agonists are the drugs which imitate (mimic) the natural messenger by switching on the receptor. They are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.

Question. What is the advantage of using antihistamines over antacids in the treatment of acidity ?
Answer. Antihistamines prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in stomach wall and thus lesser amount of HCl is released.

Question. Write two side effects of Aspirin.
Answer. (i) It is toxic to liver.
(ii) It also causes bleeding from stomach sometimes, thus it is a gastric irritant.

Question. What are sulpha drugs ? Give two examples.
Answer. A group of drugs which are derivatives of sulphanilamide and are used in place of antibiotics is called sulpha drugs. E.g., sulphadiazine, sulphanilamide.

Question. What forces are involved in holding the active sites of enzymes ?
Answer. The forces involved in holding the active sites of enzymes are hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, dipole-dipole attractions or van der Waal’s forces of attraction.

SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. Give the name of medicine used in the treatment of following diseases :
(i) Typhoid (ii) Join pain (in Arthritis)
(iii) Hypertension
Answer. (i) Antibiotics (ii) Non-narcotic analgesics (iii) Tranquilizers

Question. Give the class of drugs to which these substances belong :
(i) Bithional (ii) Amoxycillin (iii) Salvarsan
Answer. (i) Antiseptic (ii) Broad spectrum antibiotic
(iii) Antimicrobial (antibacterial)

Question. How are antiseptics different from disinfectants ? How does an antibiotic different from these two ? Give one example of each of them.
Answer. Antiseptics may kill or stop the growth of microbes and safe for living tissues, where an disinfectants kill microbes but not safe for living tissues. While antibiotic are produced by micro-organism, can inhibit the growth of other microorganism.
Example : Antiseptic : 0.2% phenol, Disinfectant : 1% phenol, Antibiotic : Penicillin

Question. Explain the following terms with suitable examples :
(i) Cationic detergents
(ii) Anionic detergents
(iii) Non-ionic detergents
Answer. (i) Those in which cationic part of the molecule is involved in cleansing action. E.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.
(ii) Those in which anionic part of the molecule is involved in cleansing action. E.g., sodium laurylsulphate.
(iii) Which do not contain any ion in their constitution. E.g., Lauryl alcohol ethoxylate.

Question.Classify the following as cationic detergents, anionic detergents or non-ionic detergents :

Answer. (i) Anionic detergent (ii) Cationic detergent
(iii) Non-ionic detergent

Question. How do enzyme inhibitors work ? Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors.
Answer. An enzyme inhibitor either blocks the active site of enzyme or changes the shape of the active site by binding at an allosteric site. They are of two types :
(i) Competitive enzyme inhibitor competes with natural substance for their attachment on the active sites of enzymes.
(ii) Non-competitive enzyme inhibitor binds at allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot recognize it.

More Questions.

1 Mark Question

1) Which among the following is a semi synthetic modification of penicillin

Erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin.

2) Substances produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis, which in low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys microorganisms by intervening in their metabolic processes.  Identify the substance.

3) Drugs are classified as

Aspirin                               –              analgesic

Chlordiazepoxide                –              tranquilizer

Penicillin                            –              antibiotic

Mention on what basis the above classification is done?