Read and download NCERT Class 8 History Tribals Dikus in NCERT book for Class 8 Social Science. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Social Science textbook for Class 8 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 8 Social Science to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter
NCERT Book for Class 8 Social Science Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
Class 8 Social Science students should refer to the following NCERT Book Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age in Class 8. This NCERT Book for Class 8 Social Science will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks
Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age NCERT Book Class 8
Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
How Did Tribal Groups Live?
By the nineteenth century, tribal people in different parts of India were involved in a variety of activities. Some were jhum cultivators Some of them practised jhum cultivation, that is, shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years, Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India. The lives of these tribal people depended on free movement within forests and on being able to use the land and forests for growing their crops. That is the only way they could practise shifting cultivation.
Some were hunters and gatherers In many regions tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. They saw forests as essential for survival. The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective hunts and then divided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots collected from the forest and cooked food with the oil they extracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forest produce in the local markets. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to colour From where did these forest people get their supplies of rice and other grains? At times they exchanged goods – getting what they needed in return for their valuable forest produce. At other times they bought goods with the small amount of earnings they had. Some of them did odd jobs in the villages, carrying loads or building roads, while others laboured in the fields of peasants and farmers. When supplies of forest produce shrank, tribal people had to increasingly wander around in search of work as labourers. But many of them – like the Baigas of central India – were reluctant to do work for others. The Baigas saw themselves as people of the forest, who could only live on the produce of the forest. It was below the dignity of a Baiga to become a labourer. Tribal groups often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. This led to their dependence on traders and moneylenders. Traders came around with things for sale, and sold the goods at high prices. Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribals met their cash needs, adding to what they earned. But the interest charged on the loans was usually very high. So for the tribals, market and commerce often meant debt and poverty.
They therefore came to see the moneylender and trader as evil outsiders and the cause of their misery. Some herded animals Many tribal groups lived by herding and rearing animals. They were pastoralists who moved with their herds of cattle or sheep according to the seasons. When the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved to another area. The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills and the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders, the Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds, and the Bakarwals of Kashmir reared goats. You will read more about them in your history book next year.
Let’s recall
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The British described the tribal people as ____________.
(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as ____________.
(c) The tribal chiefs got ____________ titles in central India under the British land settlements.
(d) Tribals went to work in the ____________ of Assam and the ____________ in Bihar.
2. State whether true or false:
(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds.
(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price.
(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life.
Let’s discuss
3. What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?
4. How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?
5. What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?
6. What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?
Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 8 History Tribals, Dikus
NCERT Class 8 History Colonialism and the City |
NCERT Class 8 History The Changing World of Visual Arts |
NCERT Class 8 History How When and Where |
NCERT Class 8 History From Trade to Territory |
NCERT Class 8 History Ruling the Countryside |
NCERT Class 8 History Tribals Dikus |
NCERT Class 8 History When People Rebel |
NCERT Class 8 History Weavers Iron Smelters |
NCERT Class 8 History Civilising the Native |
NCERT Class 8 History Women Caste and Reform |
NCERT Class 8 History The Making of the National Movement |
NCERT Class 8 History India After Independence |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Resources |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Mineral and Power Resources |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Agriculture |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Industries |
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Human Resources |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life The Indian Constitution |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Understanding Secularism |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Why Do We Need A Parliament |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Understanding Laws |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Judiciary |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Understanding Our Criminal Justice System |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Understanding Marginalization |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Confronting Marginalization |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Public Facilities |
NCERT Class 8 Civics Social and Political Life Law and Social Justice |
Social Science NCERT Book Class 8 Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
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