NCERT Class 10 Science How do Organisms Reproduce

How do Organisms Reproduce?

Before we discuss the mechanisms by which organisms reproduce, let us ask a more basic question – why do organisms reproduce? After all, reproduction is not necessary to maintain the life of an individual organism, unlike the essential life processes such as nutrition, respiration, or excretion. On the other hand, if an individual organism is going to create more individuals, a lot of its energy will be spent in the process. So why should an individual organism waste energy on a process it does not need to stay alive? It would be interesting to discuss the possible answers in the classroom!

Whatever the answer to this question, it is obvious that we notice organisms because they reproduce. If there were to be only one, nonreproducing member of a particular kind, it is doubtful that we would have noticed its existence. It is the large numbers of organisms belonging to a single species that bring them to our notice. How do we know that two different individual organisms belong to the same species? Usually, we say this because they look similar to each other. Thus, reproducing organisms create new individuals that look very much like themselves.

8.1 DO ORGANISMS CREATE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSELVES?

Organisms look similar because their body designs are similar. If body designs are to be similar, the blueprints for these designs should be similar. Thus, reproduction at its most basic level will involve making copies of the blueprints of body design. In Class IX, we learnt that the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules. The DNA in the cell nucleus is the information source for making proteins. If the information is changed, different proteins will be made. Different proteins will eventually lead to altered body designs.

Therefore, a basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy. Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their DNA. This creates two copies of the DNA in a reproducing cell, and they will need to be separated from each other. However, keeping one copy of DNA in the original cell and simply pushing the other one out would not work, because the copy pushed out would not have any organised cellular structure for maintaining life processes. Therefore, DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus, and then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus. Effectively, a cell divides to give rise to two cells.

These two cells are of course similar, but are they likely to be absolutely identical? The answer to this question will depend on how accurately the copying reactions involved occur. No bio-chemical reaction is absolutely reliable. Therefore, it is only to be expected that the process of copying the DNA will have some variations each time. As a result, the DNA copies generated will be similar, but may not be identical to the original. Some of these variations might be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits. Such a newborn cell will simply die. On the other hand, there could still be many other variations in the DNA copies that would not lead to such a drastic outcome. Thus, the surviving cells are similar to, but subtly different from each other. This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction is the basis for evolution, as we will discuss in the next chapter.

8.1.1 The Importance of Variation

Populations of organisms fill well-defined places, or niches, in the ecosystem, using their ability to reproduce. The consistency of DNA copying during reproduction is important for the maintenance of body design features that allow the organism to use that particular niche. Reproduction is therefore linked to the stability of populations of species. However, niches can change because of reasons beyond the control of the organisms. Temperatures on earth can go up or down, water levels can vary, or there could be meteorite hits, to think of a few examples. If a population of reproducing organisms were suited to a particular niche and if the niche were drastically altered, the population could be wiped out. However, if some variations were to be present in a few individuals in these populations, there would be some chance for them to survive. Thus, if there were a population of bacteria living in temperate waters, and if the water temperature were to be increased by global warming, most of these bacteria would die, but the few variants resistant to heat would survive and grow further. Variation is thus useful for the survival of species over time.

Question. In plants, the developing embryo is nourished by endospermic tissues its cell consist of
(A) One genome (Haploid)
(B) Two genomes (Diploid)
(C) Three genomes (Triploid)
(D) Four genomes (Tetraplaid)
Answer : C

Question. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in :
(A) Amoeba
(B) Yeast
(C) Plasmodium
(D) Leishmania
Answer : B

Question. The anther contains :
(A) Sepals
(B) Ovules
(C) Carpel
(D) Pollen grains
Answer : D

Question. The Anther contains
(A) Sepals
(B) Ovules
(C) Pistil
(D) Pollen-grains
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following method is used for vegetative propagation of sugarcane ?
(A) Grafting
(B) Artificial Reproduction
(C) Budding
(D) Tissue culture
Answer : A

Question. Morphologically and genetically similar organism is called :
(A) Clone
(B) Somaclones
(C) Cosmids
(D) Cybrids
Answer : A

Question. Which one of these is diploid :
(A) Egg
(B) Pollen
(C) Male gamete
(D) Zygote
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is not a part of the female reproductive system in human beings ?
(A) Ovary
(B) Vas deferens
(C) Uterus
(D) Fallopian tube
Answer : B

Question. One of the following is not associated with gametogenesis
(A) Formation of Ova
(B) Formation of sperm
(C) Change of spermatids to spermatozoa
(D) Release of ova
Answer : D

Question. Example of unisexual flower is –
(A) Hibiscus
(B) Mustard
(C) Papaya
(D) Rose
Answer : C

Question. Budding type of Reproduction is found in
(A) Peepel
(B) Bryophyllum
(C) Rose
(D) Sugar cane
Answer : B

Question. Pollination in Maize held by
(A) Insect
(B) Water
(C) Air
(D) Animal
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following organ in human male is called thermoregulator?
(A) Vas deferens
(B) Ejaculatory ducts
(C) Scrotum
(D) Cowper’s gland
Answer : C

Question. The technique that is used to grow ornamental plant from one parent is known as -
(A) Tissue culture
(B) Vegetative propagation
(C) Hybrid
(D) Budding
Answer : B

Question. Pollen grain of a plant (2n = 28) are cultured to produce callus tissues by tissue culture methods.
What would be the chromosome number in the cells of callus
(A) 28
(B) 21
(C) 14
(D) 56
Answer : A

Question. In most mammals testis are situated outside of the abdominal cavity, because
(A) More number of sperms are produced in scrotal sac
(B) Longivity of sperm is enhanced
(C) Sperm in scrotal sac requires lesser temperature for efficient fertilisation
(D) Sperm in scrotal sac and bigger
Answer : C

Question. The process by which the plant embryo develops into seedling under appropriate condition is known as –
(A) Germination
(B) Reproduction
(C) Fertilization
(D) Plantation
Answer : A

QUESTIONS

1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?

2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?

EXERCISES

1. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

(a) amoeba.

(b) yeast.

(c) plasmodium.

(d) leishmania.

2. Which of the following is not a part of the female reproductive system in human beings?

(a) Ovary

(b) Uterus

(c) Vas deferens

(d) Fallopian tube

3. The anther contains

(a) sepals.

(b) ovules.

(c) carpel.

(d) pollen grains.

4. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

5. What are the functions performed by the testis in human beings?

6. Why does menstruation occur?

7. Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of a flower.

8. What are the different methods of contraception?

9. How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?

10. How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?

11. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?

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