Chapter Outline
12.1 Scope of Zoology
12.2 Vermiculture
12.3 Sericulture
12.4 Apiculture
12.5 Lac culture
12.6 Aquaponics
12.7 Aquaculture
12.8 Animal Husbandry and management
Learning Objective
• Creating awareness on self employment opportunities in various fields
• Understands the economic importance of earthworm, honeybee, lac insect, silk worm, fish, cattle and birds
• Knows the techniques and tools required for various culture methods
• Learns to manage the culture practices
Zoology is a branch of science which deals with the study of animals. For someone who is interested in pursuing a career in Zoology, there are several specializations that the students can venture into. There are physiologists, who study the metabolic processes of animals; there are taxonomists who deal with the naming and the classification of animal species; embryologist whose job is to study and focus on the early developmental stages of animal life. Zoology as a career as a number of specializations and students are presented with a plethora of career options once they chose to be associated with this field. This field is concerned with the preservation and management of animal kingdom and a career in it would mean that you are a part of that responsibility. A zoologist shall get avenues across the world. Channels like National Geographic, Animal Planet, and Discovery Channel are in constant need of Zoologists for research and documentaries. Zoologists are also hired for zoos, wildlife services, botanical gardens, conservation organizations, national parks, nature reserves, universities, laboratories, aquariums, animal clinics, fisheries and aquaculture, museums, research, pharmaceutical companies, veterinary hospitals, etc.
If you want to be an entrepreneur you have to learn the methods of culturing farm animals and their importance, since farm animals possess great economic value. Since prehistoric time human beings taken maximum advantage from animals by keeping them under their control through domestication. The economic success of the industries, based on animals and their products, depends on the proper production, management and development of the next generation of farm animals.
12.1 Scope of Zoology
Studying Zoology can provide self employment opportunities and you can become an entrepreneur. Economic Zoology is a branch of science that deals with economically useful animals.It involves the study of application of animals for human welfare. The need of Zoology is not just to improve our economic condition but also to provide food security and provide employment opportunities. Based on the economic importance, animals can be categorized as:
1. Animals for food and food products
2. Economically beneficial animals
3. Animals of aesthetic importance
4. Animals for scientific research.
12.2 Vermiculture
Vermiculture is the process of using earthworms to decompose organic food waste, into a nutrient-rich material capable of supplying necessary nutrients which helps to sustain plant growth. The aim is to continually increase the number of worms to have a sustainable harvest.The excess worms can either be used to expand a vermicomposting operation or sold to customers. Vermicompost is the primary goal of vermiculture. Technically, the worm castings are pure worm waste and are fine and nutrient rich organic soil amendment. Vermicompost on the other hand, is comprised of the castings,bits of bedding and other organic matter. Essentially, though the terms are used interchangeably, they are both worm manure and are valuable for improving soil health. Applications of earthworm in technology of composting and bioremediation of soils and other activities is called Vermitech (Sultan Ismail, 1992).
The disposal of solid wastes (biodegradable and non- biodegradable) remains a serious challenge in most of the countries. Earthworms play a vital role in maintaining soil fertility; hence these worms are called as “farmer’s friends”.These are also called as “biological indicators of soil fertility”. The reason is that they support bacteria, fungi, protozoans and a host of other organisms which are essential for sustaining a healthy soil. The breakdown of organic matter by the activity of the earthworms and its elimination from its body is called vermicast. It is a finely divided granular material and is noted for its porosity, aeration, drainage and moisture holding capacity and serves as rich organic manure.
Earthworms are divided into two major groups. The first group, the humus formers, dwell on the surface and feed on organic matter. They are generally darker in colour. These worms are used for vermicomposting. The second group, the humus feeders, are burrowing worms that are useful in making the soil porous, and
mixing and distributing humus through out the soil. There are different endemic (native) species of earthworms cultured in India for vermicomposting such as Periyonyx excavatus, Lampito mauritii,Octochaetona serrata. Some earthworm
species have been introduced from other countries and called as exotic species Eg.Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae.
Vermicomposting
Vermicompost is the compost produced by the action of earthworms in association with all other organisms in the compost unit. Vermicompost bed may be selected on upland or an elevated level as it prevents the stagnation of water. You may construct a cement pit of 3x2x1m size (LxWxD) over ground surface using bricks. The size of pit may vary as per availability of raw materials.Cement pot or well rings are practically good. Provision should be made for excess water to drain. The vermibed should not be exposed to direct sunlight and hence shade may be provided (Figure. 12.1). The first layer of vermibed contains gravel at about 5 cm in height, followed by coarse sand to a thickness of 3.5 cm, which will facilitate the drainage of excess water.
Earthworms collected from native soil prefer a layer of local soil in their compost beds. If local soil earthworms are used, add a layer of native loamy soil for about 15 cm on top of the gravel sand layer and introduce earthworms into it. For exotic species such as Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae, the layer of soil is not needed. The unit can now be loaded with digested biomass or animal dung such as cow dung that has lost its heat. The number of earthworms to be introduced in an unit depends on the size of the vermibed prepared. Earthworms such as Periyonyx. excavatus, Eisenia fetida or Eudrilus eugeniae are introduced on the top. Jute bags or cardboards or broad leaves are used to cover the unit. As worms require moisture, water management is most important for the survival of the earthworms. Too little or too much of water is not good for the worms.
Earthworms release their castings on the surface. One can start harvesting this from the surface on noticing the castings on the surface. It may take several days for the entire biomass to be composted depending on the amount of biomass.When all the compost is harvested, earthworms can be handpicked by creating small conical heaps of harvested compost and leaving in sunlight for a few hours. The earthworms then move down and settle at the bottom of the heap as a cluster. Earthworms from the lower layers of the compost can be recovered and the worms can be transferred to new composting units.
Vermiwash is a liquid collected after the passage of water through a column of vermibed. It is useful as a foliar spray to enhance plant growth and yield. It is obtained from the burrows or drilospheres formed by earthworms. Nutrients, plant growth promoter substances and some useful microorganisms are present in vermiwash.
Earthworm Pests and Diseases
Earthworms are subjected to attack by a variety of pests. Most outbreaks are the result of poor bed management. Earthworm enemies include ants,springtails, centipedes, slugs, mites,certain beetle larvae, birds, rats, snakes,
mice, toads, and other insects or animals which feed on worms. The earthworm has a number of internal parasites including numerous protozoa, some nematodes, and the larvae of certain flies. Larger predators can be excluded from worm beds by proper construction of the bins, and by use of screens or gratings at the bottom and top of the beds.
