CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Consumer Protection VBQs

Question. Who of the following cannot file a complaint?
(a) Individual consumer
(b) Consumer association that has not been recognised
(c) Central government
(d) State government

Answer : B

Question. Don’t purchase in haste’, this is an important of the consumer.
(a) Responsibility
(b) Right
(c) Act
(d) All the above

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following Acts is related to the Consumer 'sprotection'?
(a) Consumer Protection Act,1986
(b) Indian Companies Act,1956
(c) Indian Partnership Act
(d) Indian Contract Act

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is a consumer organization?
(a) Common Cause, New Delhi
(b) Voice, New Delhi
(c) Consumer Forum, Udipi
(d) All of these

Answer : D

Question. To provide protection to the consumers against the improper behaviour of the producers and sellers is called .
(a) Consumers Protection Act
(b) Consumer Protection
(c) Consumer Welfare
(d) Consumer Education

Answer : B

Question. The consumer organisations collect the samples of the products for.
(a) Sell them
(b) Get bribe from the sellers
(c) Check them
(d) Distribute them among the poor

Answer : C

Question. When a single consumer fails to get his rights protected, he seeks the help of.
(a) Trade Union
(b) Consumer Association
(c) Labour Union
(d) None of the above

Answer : B

Question. Who, of the following, cannot be considered a consumer?
(a) A person who buys things to further sell them consideration.
(b) A person who gets things without consideration.
(c) A person who uses things without the permission of the purchasers.
(d) All the above

Answer : D

Question. Disputes of amount are settled at the level of District Forum?
(a) Up to rupees ten lakh
(b) Up to rupees thirty lakh
(c) Up to rupees fifty lakh
(d) Up to rupees twenty lakh

Answer : D

Question. When Aaradhya, inspite of paying the full price of the plot as per the terms and conditions of the allotment letter, was not given the possession of the plot by the builder, she filed a case in the State Commission. Identify the right of consumers being exercised in the given case.
(a) Right to safety
(b) Right to be heard
(c) Right to seek redressal
(d) Right to consumer education

Answer : B

Question. A popular nationalised bank has been fined ₹8 lakh by the country’s highest consumer court, National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), for not sharing complete insurance policy details with a customer. The bank has been ordered to pay the full amount as compensation to the customer. Identify the right of consumers being violated in the given case.
(a) Right to be heard
(b) Right to seek redressal
(c) Right to information
(d) Right to safety

Answer : C

Question. Yash had severe pain in his throat, so he called up the doctor and asked for a telephonic advice. The doctor prescribed him a sachet of Throat Reliever Hot Sip. He asked his servant to get a sachet from a local chemist with a cash memo. After consuming the sachet, he started feeling more ill, so he picked up the empty sachet and started reading the label. To his utter dismay, the sachet had already expired last month. Which of the following remedies is not available to him any longer as a consumer? 
(a) To withdraw the hazardous goods from sale.
(b) To replace the defective product with a new one.
(c) To refund the price paid for the product.
(d) To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss suffered by the consumer due to the negligence of the opposite party.

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following types of cases are filed in the State Commission?
(a) When the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹20 lakhs but does not exceed ₹1 crore.
(b) When the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹1 crore but does not exceed ₹10 crores.
(c) When the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹40 lakhs but does not exceed ₹1 crore.
(d) None of the above

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the State Commission?
(a) It consists of a President and not less than two other members, one of whom should be a woman.
(b) The members are appointed by the State Government concerned.
(c) A complaint can be made to the appropriate State Commission when the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹1 crore but does not exceed ₹10 crores.
(d) All of the above

Answer : D

Question. Due to the negligence of the doctors, Johar passed away within a week’s time after his surgery of the spine. Which of the following parties can not file a case in this regard?
(a) The consumer
(b) Any registered consumers’ association
(c) A legal heir or representative of a deceased consumer
(d) All of the above

Answer : A

Question. Naina, her husband and her two minor daughters were travelling from Mumbai to Delhi, availing a company’s flight services in 2018. The airlines had issued boarding passes to all of them. Naina claimed in her plea that the airlines left all her family at the Mumbai Airport without informing them, despite their being in the airport premises. The family had to stay in a hotel and purchase new tickets the next day. The State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC). on hearing the plea, asked an airline company to pay ₹50,000 to Naina and her family. Identify the right of consumers being exercised in the given case.
(a) Right to safety
(b) Right to be heard
(c) Right to seek redressal
(d) Right to consumer education

Answer : C

Question. If any of the parties are not satisfied by the order of District Commission can appeal against such order to the State Commission on the grounds of facts or law within a period of ---------- days from the date of order.
(a) 10 days
(b) 20 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 45 days

Answer : D

Question. In case a consumer is not satisfied with the order passed in the State Commission, he can further make an appeal in the National Commission within a time period of
(a) 10 days
(b) 20 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 45 days

Answer : C

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
Shobha purchased an ISI marked Heater from Highway Appliances. She made Cash Payment. But failed to get a Cash Memo. While making use of the heater she observed that it was not working properly. She contacted the shopkeeper immediately and told him the problem. Shopkeeper paid no heed to her complaint. Rather he marked that the heater was not bought from his shop. Shobha had no evidence of proving that the heater was purchased from his shop only. She discussed the problem with her friend Reva who advised her to approach Consumer Forum and lodge the complaint. Shobha was convinced with the idea of lodging the complaint against the shopkeeper but due to lack of cash memo it was difficult for her to proceed.

Question. Identify the Right of the consumer as referred to in the above paragraph.
(a) Right to be Informed
(b) Right to Safety
(c) Right to be Heard
(d) Right to Choose

Answer : B

Question. Shobha cannot lodge a complaint against the shopkeeper .Why?
(a) She do not have the right
(b) She was aware of the fact
(c) She do not have the Cash Memo
(d) She was happy with the product.

Answer : C

Question. Identify the responsibility of the consumer referred in the above case.
(a) Quality Conscious
(b) Must Obtain Cash Memo
(c) Cautious Consumer
(d) Ready to Lodge Complaint

Answer : B

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Question. Identify the products to which the following quality certification marks are associated. Also mention the name of quality mark.
Answer. (i) food products (FPO marks);
(ii) Electrical appliances (ISI mark);
(iii) Jewellery (Hallmark);
(iv) Environmental friendly products (Eco mark);
(v) Agriculture products(Agmark).

Question. Which can serve as the proof of purchase made, for filing a complaint against defective product?
Answer. Cash memo.

Question. Why consumer protection is important for consumers? Give any one reason.
Answer. It is important because of ‘consumer ignorance’.

Question. Rita wants to buy a packet of juice. As an aware customer how can she be sure about the quality of juice she plans to buy?
Answer. Rita should look for FPO Mark on the packet of juice.

Question. If the market has enough qualities and varieties of product at competitive prices, then buyer have an opportunity of wise selection. Identify the consumer right discussed.
Answer. Right to choose

Question. Gowthami purchased a machine for Rs. 21.5 lakhs from a company and found it defective. Defect was not rectified in spite of repeated complaints to company. Suggest to her the appropriate authority where she could file a complaint under consumer protection Act 1986.
Answer. State commission

Question. Ramesh purchased medicines without noticing a date of expiry. He did not obtain cash memo. Do you think, Ramesh will be able to protect himself by loss caused due to expired medicine?
Answer. No Ramesh will not be able to protect himself as he didn’t obtain the proof of purchase, i.e. cash memo.

Question. Government is actively advertising for ‘Jago Grahaks Jago’. Which consumer right is highlighted in the given statement?
Answer. Right to consumer education.

Question. Which consumer right entitles the consumer to get relief in case the product or service falls short of his expectation?
Answer. Right to seek redressal.

Question. Mention the quality mark which a consumer should look for while purchasing the following products:
(i) Electrical goods;
(ii) Jewellery;
(iii) Agriculture products;
(iv) Food products;
(v) Environmental friendly products
Answer. (a) ISI Mark
(b) Hallmark
(c) Agmark
(d) FPO mark
(e) Eco mark

Question. Pragya brought an iron of a reputed brand for Rs. 1,500 but it caused an electric shock while it was being used Pragya wants to exercise her‘ Right’.
Identify the ‘Right ‘under which he can be protected.
Answer. Right to Safety.

Question. The approach of Caveat Emptor has been changed to Caveat Venditor. What do the two approaches mean? Why such a radical change has taken place?
Answer. The approach of Caveat Emptor means let the buyer beware and approach of caveat venditor means let the seller be ware. The change has taken place because a consumer is said to be a king in the current competitive market and all the marketing efforts of a firm revolve around him.

Question. Which act provides for the setting up of three tier machinery?
Answer. Consumer Protection Act,1986.

Question. Name the right, Which suggests that a consumer has a right to register his dissatisfaction?
Answer. Right to be heard.

Question. Mili went to a shopkeeper to buy vegetable oil. The shopkeeper forced her to buy a particular brand out of various available brands. Which right of Mili has been exploited?
Answer. Right to choose.

Question. Amrit filed a case against ‘Volvo Ltd.’ in the ‘State Commission’. But he was not satisfied with the orders of the ‘State Commission’. Name the authority to which he can appeal against the decisions of ‘State Commission’.
Answer : Amrit can further appeal in ‘National Commission’.

Question. Which consumer right gives the business firm freedom to set up their own consumer service and grievance cell?
Answer : Right to be heard.

Question. Name any two consumer rights.
Answer : (i) Right to Safety
(ii) Right to Choice.

Question. Rita wants to buy a packet of juice. As an aware customer how can she be sure about the quality of juice she plans to buy?
Answer : She should check ‘FPO’ ( Food Product Order) symbol on the product.

Question. Mohit filed a case against ‘Domestic Cooling ltd.’ in the ‘District Forum’, but was not satisfied with the orders of the District Forum. Where can he appeal further against the decisions of District Forum?
Answer : Mohit can further appeal against the decision of District Forum in the ‘State Commission’ within 30 days.

Question. Can a consumer file complaint in consumer court without having cash memo?
Answer : No, without cash memo he cannot file a complaint. Cash memo is the proof of the transaction.

Question. Name two consumer rights defined by UNO.
Answer : (i) Right to Basic Need.
(ii) Right to Healthy Environment.

Question. Ram wants to buy ghee. How can he check the quality of product?
Answer : Through ‘AGMARK’ symbol.

Question. Can a consumer appeal against the judgement of National Commission? If yes, than where?
Answer : Yes, he can appeal in High Court or Supreme Court.

Question. Ahmed wants to buy an iron. As an aware customer how can he be sure about the quality of iron?
Answer : Through ISI mark on the iron.

Question. Rajiv, a vegetarian was traveling in Rajdhani Express was served food and later he found out that it had a non-vegetarian content. His sentiments were hurt. Will Rajiv be able to claim compensation, which right of the consumer is violated?
Answer : Yes, Rajiv will be able to claim the compensation as the railways have violated the Right to Information.

Short Answer Question :

Question. Harishankar purchase a book for Rs. 250. Later on, he found that MRP of book was Rs. 200 only and the shopkeeper had put a sticker of Rs. 250 on the original MRP. Answer the following question:
(i) Which right of Hari shankar is violated in the given case?
(ii) Can he recover the extramoney?
(iii) Whether any option is available against the bookseller?
Answer. (i) Right to be informed is violated;
(ii) Yes, Harishankar can recover extra money of Rs.50;
(iii) Harishankar also has more option:
(a) He can ask for refund of money after returning the book;
(b) He can also sue bookseller for unfair practices.

Question. What is the role of consumer organizations and non-government organizations? Describe.
Answer. Role of consumer organizations and non-government organizations-
1. Educating to Consumers
2. Collecting data on different products and Testing them
3. Filing suit on behalf of consumers
4. Helping Educational institutions
5. Promoting network of consumer association.
6. Extending support to Government

Question. Reena purchased one liter of pure ghee from a shopkeeper. After using it, she had doubts that it was adulterated. She sent it for a laboratory test which confirmed that the ghee was adulterated. State any four reliefs available to Reena if she complains and the consumer court is satisfied about the genuineness of the complaint.
Answer : The six reliefs available to Reena are listed below:
♦ To withdraw the hazardous goods from sale.
♦ To provide replacement for the defective product.
♦ To refund the price paid for the product, or the charges paid for the service.
♦ To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for

Question. Jagadish purchased a pack of sweets for his son from a shop in the nearby market. After consuming those sweets, the condition of his son deteriorated and he had to be hospitalized. Later on through a laboratory test, it was certified that the sweets were adulterated.
1. State any one precaution that he should have taken while purchasing packed sweets.
2. Name the appropriate redressal agency that he can approach in case he decides to file a case against the shopkeeper.
3. Write any two remedies available to him.
Answer : 1. Jagadish should have checked for the quality assurance mark like FPO /FSSAI on its label while purchasing the food product.
2. District Forum
3. To refund the price paid for the product, or the charges paid for the service.
(iv) To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to the negligence of the opposite party.

Question. On Monika’s birthday, her mother gave her a pair of gold earrings. After one month, Monika observed that the earrings were losing their shine. She checked the mark on the earrings and found that it was not a proper Hallmark and her mother had been cheated by the shopkeeper. So, she filed a complaint in the District Forum which rejected it. Not satisfied by the decision of the district Forum, she was very much disturbed and after two months, she decided to appeal further.
Can Monika appeal against the decision of the district forum? Give reason in support of your answer.
Answer : No, Monika will not be able to appeal further in the State commission. This is because two months have already passed and the appeal had to be filed within 45 days of the passing of the order by the District Forum.

Question. Abhishek bought a bottle of disinfectant spray from the nearby market. It had a knob which was to be opened in a particular way. However, there was no instruction on its package in this regard.
Therefore, when he tried to open the knob in a casual way, some of the spray flew in his eyes. This affected his vision.
In context of the above case:
1. Explain the rights of consumer being violated by the company.
2. State any two directions which the consumer court can issue to the company after being satisfied with the genuineness of the complaint.
Answer : 1. The two rights of consumer being violated in the above case are Right to information and Right to safety.
Right to Safety: Consumers have the right to be safeguarded against items and services that are harmful to their health and well-being. The consumers are righteous to get quality
products, and they can also demand quality assurance from the seller for the same. Such as ISI, FPO, AGMARK, Hallmark etc are quality marks for industrial items, food products,
agricultural products, gold respectively.
Right to be Informed: Before purchasing a product, the consumer has the right to get complete information about it, regarding the quality, quantity, ingredients, purity, price etc
2.The two directions which the consumer court can issue to the company after being satisfied with the genuineness of the complaint are as follows:
a) Not to offer hazardous goods for sale.
b) To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss or

Question. Mahesh always went to a specific shop to buy all consumable and non-consumable goods. In this shop, a variety of products of different brands were displayed nicely and the sales person available also gave good sales presentations if required. But this shop was quite far-off from his residence. His friend Anirudh always wondered why Mahesh wastes so much time in going to that shop whereas there were many big brand shops situated near his residence having consumable and non-consumable goods.
Anirudh asked Mahesh the reason of going to that particular shop. Mahesh told that he was exercising one of his rights which he could not exercise in nearby big brand shops. State the consumer’s right which Mahesh had exercised and explain it.
Answer : Right to choose has been exercised by Mahesh.
Consumers have the right to choose any product from the available options based on their own preferences. Hence no seller has the right to influence the consumer into purchasing a certain product through unacceptable means.

Question. Vastra Ltd.’ is engaged in the manufacturing of apparel. Over the years, it has became a popular brand due to its good product quality and exclusive designing. The company plans to open its own retail showrooms in metropolitan cities in India. In order to meet its financial needs it has offered for subscription an IPO of Rs. 4 lakh equity shares in the price band of Rs. 430 – Rs. 445 each. As per the guidelines of SEBI, the company has provided a complete disclosure of the relevant details in its prospectus.
Identify and explain the right of the consumer being fulfilled by the directives of SEBI in the above mentioned case.
Answer : The Right to information is being fulfilled by the directives of SEBI in the above mentioned case. According to the Right to information, the consumer has the right to get complete information about the product that he/she may propose to buy including its contents, date of manufacture and expiry, maximum retail price, quantity, directions for use etc. Moreover, as per law, it is mandatory for the marketers to provide complete information about the product/service to buyers.

Question. Manu bought a packet of chips from a local shopkeeper and found that the ingredients given on the label were not legible. He complained about it to the company. The company sent a written apology stating that they will make sure that existing packets are withdrawn from the market and new packets with legible labels are soon made available. Explain the consumer right which Manu exercised.
Answer : Right to be heard has been exercised by Manu.
The consumer has the right to provide his opinion regarding the product and services, as well as he has the right to be heard in such cases. Hence the consumer has a right to file a complaint if he thinks that his rights have been violated. Also, various consumer cells have been opened up in India so as to provide them the right to be heard.

Question. Youth Organisation (YO) organised a visit of its members to an old age home to inculcate the habit of social work among them. The visit revealed that the living conditions of the inmates of the old age home were not hygienic. So, the YO members decided to clean the premises. During their cleanliness drive, they realised that the old age home also required pest control. But some of the inmates of old age home were reluctant for it because they believed that the pest control may create health problems for them. YO, therefore decided to provide ethical, safe and odorless pest control. They showed to the inmates of old age home a pamphlet of the proposed pest control product which promised easy, inexpensive and long-lasting pest control. The inmates happily agreed and the pest control was carried out. It worked for a fortnight but to their dismay the effect started wearing off. YO contacted the pest control company which kept on postponing their visit. After waiting for a month, YO filed a cased in the consumer court.
The consumer court was satisfied about genuineness of the complaint and issued necessary directions to the pest control company.
State the six directions that might have been issued by the court.
Answer : The six directions that might have been issued by the court are as follows:
Reliefs available to a consumer
a. To remove the deficiency in service.
b. To refund the charges paid for the service.
c. To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to the negligence of the opposite party.
d. To discontinue the unfair/restrictive trade practice and not to repeat it in the future.
e. To pay any amount (not less than5% of the value of the d effective goods or deficient services provided), to be credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund or any other organisation/ person, to be utilised in the prescribed manner.

Question. List any three consumer organizations in India.
Answer : (i) Consumer Guidance Society of India (Mumbai),
(ii) Common Cause (New Delhi),
(iii) Citizen Action Group (Mumbai)

Question. When or under what circumstances the complaints can be filed?
Answer : Complaint can be filed and compensation can be claimed by the consumer with respect to-
(a) Fraudulent practices of traders and manufacturers.
(b) If goods are defective.
(c) If there is any deficiency in the services hired.

Question. Who is a consumer?
Answer : According to Consumer protection Act, a consumer is :
(i) One who buys goods or hires services.
(ii) Any use of such good or service with approval of buyer.
(iii) Any one who bought the goods for earning livelihood.

Question. Why is consumer protection required in India?
Answer : Because of following reasons :
(i) Poverty and unemployment
(ii) Illiterate consumers
(iii) Consumers are not organized.

Question. Who can file a complaint in consumer court?
Answer : (i) Any Consumer;
(ii) Any Registered Consumers’ Association;
(iii) The Central Government or any State Government;
(iv) One or more consumes on behalf of numerous consumers having the same interest; and
(v) A legal heir or representative of a deceased consumer.

Question. Suggest any three remedies or reliefs available to consumer on his complaints.
Answer : (i) Removal of defects from the goods.
(ii) Replacement of the goods.
(iii) Refund of the price paid.

Question. Explain the following as ways and means of consumer protection:
(i) Consumer Awareness
(ii) Government.
Answer : (i) Consumer Awareness- It is not easy to exploit an educated and well aware consumers. Consumer must be well aware about his rights, responsibilities and relief available to him under Consumer Protection Act.
(ii) Government- Government of India has framed a set of laws and legislations to protect the interests of consumers and the most important act framed by Government is Consumer Protection Act,1986. This act has provided three tier redressal agencies i.e., District Forum, National Commission and State Commission.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Question. What are the ways and means of consumer’s protection?
Answer. Ways and Means of Consumer protection
a) Self regulation by business: Every firm insists to have a strong consumer base which means that more and still move people should buy their products. This is possible only when the consumer carefully satisfied with the products of the firm.
b) Business Associations: Business associations prepare a code of conduct for businessmen.
c) Consumer Awareness : Consumer should protect himself
d) Consumer organizations: these organizations can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of consumers.
e) Government: Interests of the consumers are protected by the government by enacting various legislations. Consumer protection Act 1986 is an important legislation by the government to provide protection to the affect a consumer.

Question. What are Rights of consumers ? Explain.
Answer. Right to safety: It is a consumer’s right to be protected against goods and services which are hazardous to health and life. Ex- Electrical Appliances which are not ISI marked might cause serious injury.
• Right to Information: A consumer has a right to have complete information about the quality, quantity, price of goods, ingredients etc. which he intends to purchase. Thus manufacturer must mention complete information about the product.
• Right to Choice: Every consumer has the right to choose the goods from a variety of products at competitive prices. The marketers must allow consumers to make a choice from a wide variety of product.
• Right to be heard: The consumer has the right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a product services.
• Right to Seek Redressal: The consumer has a right to get relief in case the product or services falls short of his expectations.
• Right to consumer Education: The consumer has a right to acquire knowledge and to be a well-informed consumer throughout life.

Question. Explain the redressal machinery under the consumer protection Act,1986.
Answer. The redressal machinery under the consumer protection Act,1986-
a) District forum: According to consumer protection Act state government can set up one or more district forum in each district.
1) District forum hears disputes involving a sum upto Rs.20Lacs.
2) It can file appeal against it with the state commission within 30days.
b) State commission:
1) State commission redresses grievances involving a sum exceeds Rs. 20 lacs and up to Rs. 1crore.
2) It can file an appeal before the national commission within 30days.
c) National commission:
1) It is appointed by the Central Government
2) It has the jurisdiction to hear complaints involving a sum exceeding Rs.1crore.
3) It can file an appeal with the Supreme Court within 30 days

Question. What remedies are available to consumers in consumer’s protection Act−1986?
Answer. Under this Act, remedies available to consumers are as follows:
To remove the defect in goods or deficiency in service.
1. To replace defective product with a new non defective product.
2. To refund the price paid for the product ..
3. To pay reasonable compensation for loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to negligence of the opposite party.
4. To discontinue unfair or restrictive trade practice and not to repeat in the future.
5. Not to offer hazardous goods for sale.

Question. What is the concept of consumer protect give importance of consumer protection.
Answer. Meaning: Consumer protection refers to protecting the consumer against anti-consumer trade practices by the producers or sellers.
Importance of consumer protection.
From consumers point of view
1. ConsumerIgnorance: Most of the consumers are not aware of their rights and relief available to them. It is therefore necessary to educate them and create awareness among them.
2. Unorganized Consumers: There is need to organize consumers in the form of consumer association who would take care of their interest.
3. Wide spread exploitation of consumers: Unscrupulous and unfair trade practices, such as defective and unsafe products, hoarding and black marketing etc. are wide spread. Consumers require protection against such malpractices.
From Business Point of view:
1. Long term Interest: It is in the long term interest of the business to satisfy customers. When customers are satisfied business gets repeat sales and its customer base increase.
2. Use of society’s resources: Business firms use resources of the society. Therefore they are under an obligation to supply products and services which are in public interest.
3. Social Responsibility: A businessman has responsibility towards various groups.
Customer is one of the important groups because firms earn money by selling goods and services to them.

Question. What is the responsibilities of consumers?
Answer. Consumer responsibilities-
1. Consumer must exercise his rights: They must beaware of their rights while buying.
2. Consumers should buy only standard goods like ISI/AGMARK goods only.
3. Filing complaint for the redressal of genuine grievances.
4. Consumer must be quality conscious/should not compromise on quality.
5. Consumers should l earn the rights associated with products and services.
6. Donot forget to get receipt and Guarantee/ Warranty Card.
7. Consumers should read labels carefully.
8. Consumers should be honest in their dealings .They should buy only legal goods.
9. Consumers should respect environment. Avoid waste, littering and contributing to pollution.
10. Consumers should form consumer societies.