CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India Important Questions

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi

Question. Where did Mahatma Gandhi use his word Satyagraha for the first time?
Answer. In South Africa

Question. Who said “It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms… Indians have made the religion of non-violence their own…”?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi

Question. Which Act of British Government was passed in 1919 that was opposed by the Indians?
Answer. The Rowlatt Act

Question. Name the two brothers who formed the Khilafat Committee.
Answer. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

Question.6. What is meant by the term “Begar”?
Answer. “Begar” means the labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

Question. Who led the peasant movement in Bardoli?
Answer. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question. Name the party of non-Brahmans in Madras.
Answer. Justice Party

Question. Who headed the Oudh Kisan Sabha?
Answer. Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra

Question. What is meant by the term “Boycott”?
Answer. “Boycott” means the refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities, or buy and use things — usually a form of protest.

Question. Where did a militant guerilla movement took place in the 1920s?
Answer. In the Guden Hills of Andhra Pradesh

Question. Who formed the Swaraj Party?
Answer. Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das

Question. Who gave the slogan ‘Inqlab Zindabad’?
Answer. Bhagat Singh

Question. What were the rich peasant community of Gujarat known as?
Answer. The Patidars

Question. Name three leaders of the HSRA.
Answer. Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh

Question. What is meant by the term Picket?
Answer. A picket is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop or factory or office.

Question. Why did the Congress ignore the Dalits for a long time?
Answer. The Congress had ignored the Dalits for the fear of offending the conservative high-class Hindus.

Question. Who organized the depressed class association?
Answer. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.

Question. What is the meaning of ‘Begar’?
Answer. Forced labour

Question. Name the writer of novel ‘Anandmath’.
Answer. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Question. What is meant by Satyagraha?
Answer. To emphasize the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

Question. Who formed Swaraj party?
Answer. C.R.Das and MotiLal Nehru

Question. In which year Inland Emigration Act was passed?
Answer. 1859

Question. Who was the writer of ‘Hind Swaraj’?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi

Question. In which year JaliawalaBagh incident took place?
Answer. 1919

Question. Who was the founder of HSRA?
Answer. Bhagatsingh

Question. What was the demand of peasants in Awadh?
Answer. Abolition of forced labour, illegal evicition, reduce land revenue

Question. What was the significance of the Lahore Session ?
Answer. The demand for Purna swaraj was made by the congress.

Question. Why was Non-cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji? Explain any three reasons.
Answer.
A) Demand of swaraj.
b) infavour of khilafat
c) Rowlat Act and Jallianwalabagh massacre.

Question. How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non –cooperation movement?
Answer.
i) In Non cooperation movement refuse to cooperate with colonial government ,while in civil Disobedience movement people violated the colonial law.
ii) Muslims and Hindus jointly supported the Non cooperation movement but Muslims were lukewarm on their support to the Civil Disobedience movement .
iii)This movement was launched in 1920 in a peaceful way. Civil Disobedience movement was launched in 1930 in a violent way.

Question. Which three early satyagraha movements were organized by Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer.
A) Champaran in Bihar(1916)
b) Kheda Gujarat(1917)
c). Ahmedabad (1918)

Question. How was the collective belonging developed during the freedom movement?
Answer.
i) Through the experience of united struggle .
ii) Through the cultural process
iii) Through the re-interpretation of history

Question. What do you know about Natesa Sastri?
Answer.
i) Natesa Sastri collected the folk tales of southern India
ii) He published it in four massive volumes and titles the folk lore of southern India.
iii) He believed that folklore was national literature

Question. How did the salt Satyagraha become an effective tool of resistance against British colonialism in India during 1930? Explain.
Answer.
i) Salt is used by all the people belonging to all communities,
ii) govt. had monopoly to manufacture it.
iii) govt. imposed heavy tax on it.

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj flag’ in 1921? Explain the main features of this ‘Swaraj flag’.
Answer.
i) Mahatma Gandhi
ii) Tricolour(red ,green ,white)
iii) spinning wheel in the center representing the Gandhian idea of self help

Question. Why did different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer.
i) Peasants- to reduce land revenue
ii) Industrialist- increase import duty on foreign goods
iii) Industrial labour- to increase wages and improvement in working condition.

Question. Examine the background of Poona pact of 1932 in the light of differences between Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar?
Answer.
i) Colonial govt. declared for separate electorate for Dalit
ii) Gandhiji was against that decision.
iii) Gandhiji went on hunger strike
iv) Then compromise between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar and both agreed for reserved seats for the Depressed class but to be voted from General electorate.

Question. What do you know about the peasant’s movement in Awadh?
Answer.
i) It was organized by baba Ramchandra .
ii) He was a sanyashi worked as indentured labour in Fiji.
iii) Abolition of forced labour, illegal eviction, reduce land revenue.
iv) Talukadars were socially boycotted,nai dhobi band andolan was organize
v) Awadh kishan sabha was formed by Jawahar lal Nehru.

Question. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability.
Answer.
i) Harijanyatra was organized
ii) To glorify the work of Harijan Gandhiji himself cleaning the toilet.
iii) Gandhiji asked the upper caste to gave up untouchability .
iv) And soft corner towards Dalits.

Question. Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to viceroy Irwin on 31st January,1930?Why was abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand?
Answer.
i) General demands related to all communities
ii) Specific for particular community(from industrialist to peasants)
iii) Salt is belonging to all community from richest to poorest.

Question. Why did the Muslims feel alienated from congress during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer.
i) Muslim began to organized under the Muslim league leaded by Md.Ali Jinnah
ii) Hindu Mahasabha also became active and began to demand for Hindu
iii) Both Hindu and Muslim leader considered that congress was a party of Hindu
iv) Congress was unable to setup a balance between different caste and community
v) 14 demand of Md. Jinnah was refused by congress

Important Questions for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi organise the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi organised the Champaran Satyagraha in order to voice against the oppressive indigo plantation system.

Question. What was the Civil Disobedience Movement associated with?
Answer. It was associated with the breaking of salt law.

Question. Give a brief description of Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Movements which he organised in various places after arriving in India from South Africa.
Or
Name the two main ‘Satyagraha Movement’ organised by Mahatma Gandhi Successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917.
Answer. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several Satyagraha Movements in various places:
(i) Champaran: In 1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the exploitative plantation system.
(ii) Kheda: In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha Movement in support of the Kheda peasants in Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue collection.
(iii) Ahmedabad: In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise Satyagraha Movement among the workers of cotton mills.

Question. Who led the Awadh peasants during the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer. Baba Ramchandra led the Awadh peasants during the Non-cooperation movement.

Question. Who wrote Vande Mataram? What is it?
Answer. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram. It is a hymn to the motherland.

Question. How did the business classes participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Or
Analyse the role of merchants and the industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer. 
(i) The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
(ii) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(iii) Most businessmen came to see Swaraj at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
(iv) But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of them withdrew their support.
(v) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

Question. How culture played a vital role in awakening of the feeling of nationalism?
Answer.
 Culture played a significant role in awakening the feeling of nationalism:
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a vital role in evoking the feelings of nationalism, unity and sense of collective belonging.
(ii) Symbols in figures or images helped people to identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be usually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(iii) In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
(iv) Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. He made it an ascetic figure: calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Devotion to this mother figure came to the open as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(v) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and started the movement for folk revival.
(vi) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
(vii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed consisting of eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(viii) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Question. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement. 
Answer. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History, fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image. It was the 20th century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. It was essential to preserve folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. Indians wrote about glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question. How did women in India respond to Mahatma Gandhi’s call for Civil Disobedience Movement?
Or
Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer. Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(i) During the Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquor shops and the manufacture of salt.
(ii) Many women even went to jail.
(iii) In urban areas women came from high caste families.
(iv) In rural areas women who participated belonged to rich peasant households.
(v) Women were moved by Gandhi’s call to see the service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. So they responded by giving their whole hearted participation.
(vi) Though for a long-time Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the party.

Question. Write a short note on the Rowlatt Act. How did Indians act in response to it and what were its consequences?
Or
Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons.
Answer. (i) The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
(ii) It gave enormous powers to the government.
(iii) Now, the British government could suppress the political activities, and allow detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Indian people reacted to it stoutly. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, they decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
(iii) Shops closed down.
To suppress the nationalists the British administration
(i) Put the local leaders in jail.
(ii) Debarred Mahatma Gandhi from entering Delhi.
(iii) On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession.
(iv) On 13 April, the Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.

Question. How was the growth of Nationalism in India different from the spread of Nationalism in Europe?
Answer. The colonial exploitation of India led to a common hatred for the foreign rule. The British policy of racialism created national feeling among IndiAnswer. Whereas, in Europe nationalism emerged with the concepts of liberty, equality and fraternity as the people struggled to achieve democracy in their respective nation-states.

Question. Who coined the term Satyagraha?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi had successfully fought against the racist regime in South Africa with the novel method of mass agitation which he called Satyagraha.

Question. What role did First World War play in the growth of national movement in India?
Answer. Price-hike, extreme poverty and acute shortage of food was experienced by India, even though it was not directly involved in the world war. Forced recruitment, famine and epidemic created widespread anger and resentment. The Indians realised that they were being dragged into the war to fulfill the imperialistic designs of the British. This feeling united the Indians who now began to demand reforms from the British.

Question. Why did Gandhiji start Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act?
Answer. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. This act gave the government enormous power to repress political activities. Mahatma Gandhi wanted a non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement against the unjust laws and hence, he decided to start Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act.

Question. In which Congress Session, the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted?
Answer. The Non-Cooperation programme was adopted in the Congress Session at Nagpur in December 1920.

Question. What was the significance of the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1920?
Answer. In the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhiji managed to convince other leaders of the need to start Non-cooperation Movement in support of the Khilafat Movement as well as for Swaraj.

Question. Why was the Khilafat Committee formed?
Answer. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

Question. Why was the Bardoli Satyagraha organised? Who led the Bardoli Satyagraha?
Answer. In 1928, Vallabhbhai Patel led the peasant movement in Bardoli, a taluka in Gujarat against enhancement of land revenue. This was known as Bardoli Satyagraha.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi call off the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement because of the violence incident at Chauri Chaura village in Gorakhpur where an angry mob burnt a police station. This action defeated the purpose of non-violence which was the very essence of Gandhiji’s Satyagraha.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India Long Answer Type Questions 

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch his Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act?
Answer. Rowlatt Act of 1919 was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the IndiAnswer. This Act was termed as ‘Black Act’ because of its unjust and restrictive nature. It gave the power to the government to arrest anyone suspected of political activities without a warrant and imprison him without a trial for two years. The act also placed censorship on the Press. It gave the police enormous power. Just when the Indians were expecting a reward for their services rendered to the British during the First World War, they were imposed upon with this ‘Black Act’. Gandhiji decided to launch a Satyagraha against the infamous Rowlatt Act as the Act was humiliating for the Indian masses. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violence civil disobedience against such unjust law. He declared the Rowlatt Satyagraha with a nation-wide hartal (strike) on April 6,1919.

Question. What was the issue of conflict between the Congress and the Muslim League?
Answer. The major difference between the Congress and the Muslim League was over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League was willing to give up the demand for a separate electorate, if Muslims were given reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim dominated provinces of Bengal and Punjab. But the Congress was dominated by the Hindu Mahasabha leaders who were not ready to make any compromise with the Muslims. After the Government of India Act of 1935, provincial elections were held under its provisions in 1937, and the results thereof, made the conflict between the two political parties more visible. The Indian National Congress secured a sweeping victory in seven provinces and was in a position to form coalition ministries in two other provinces. The Muslim-League, on the other hand, did not fare well at all, especially in the Muslim majority provinces of the Punjab and Bengal. Although it did better in the non-Muslim provinces, yet that was not enough to enable the League to boast of being the sole representative organization of the Muslims.

Question. Describe the role of peasants of Awadh in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer. In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had earlier worked as a bonded labourer in Fijji. The peasant movement was organised mainly against the Talukdars and landlords who exhorted a heavy rent from the peasants. The peasants were also forced to do begar (work without wages) at the landlord’s farms. The peasants had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted from the land they tilled so that they could not acquire any right over the leased land.
The peasant movement was organised with the following objectives:
• Reduction of revenue
• Abolition of begar
• Social boycott of oppressive landlords
In many places the nai-dhobi bandhs were organised to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers and washermen. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others. It had over 300 branches around the region.

Question. Why did Gandhiji and the Congress leaders decide to launch the Quit India Movement?
Answer. The Second World War had started in 1939 and Japan was gaining over the north-eastern frontiers of India. Japan was a part of the Axis Powers who were opposed to the British in the Second World War. The British had abandoned their territories in South-East Asia and had left their population in a lurch. The Indians now started doubting the ability of the British in defending India against a possible Japanese attack. The British assumption of support from the Indians during the second World War was not taken well by the Indian National Congress. Gandhiji also believed that if the British left India, Japan would not have enough reason to invade India. The war-time difficulties of high prices, shortage of food and essential commodities fostered resentment against the British government.
The immediate cause for the Quit India movement was the failure of the Cripps Mission. Under Sir Stafford Cripps a mission was sent to India to resolve the Indian question of a new constitution and self-government. The Cripps Mission failed because it did not offer complete independence to India. It granted a dominion status to India. The failure of the Cripps Mission to guarantee any kind of constitutional remedy to India’s problems also led to the INC calling for a mass civil disobedience movement.

Question. Describe the Dandi March.
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march from his ashram at Sabarmati on 12 March 1930 to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. He was accompanied by 78 of his trusted followers. Gandhiji and the volunteers walked for 24 days to cover the 240 miles for Dandi. They would walk ten miles a day. All the places that Gandhiji went through were thronged by the masses who listened to his talk on swaraj and civil disobedience. Gandhiji urged them to defy the British government through peaceful ways. On April 6 1930 he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

Question. How was the sense of collective belongingness developed during the national movement in India?
Answer. A sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggle. Symbols played an important role in bringing the feeling of collective belongingness. For example, Bal Gangadhar Tilak revived the Ganpati Festival in Maharashtra. In the 20th century the growth of nationalism and the identity of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his hymn to motherland, Vande Mataram. Abanindranath Tagore painted his image of Bharat Mata portraying the female allegory as an ascetic figure. Nationalists also started recording folk lores and folk songs to give a sense of identity and to revive the traditional culture of India. For example, in Madras Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales called “The folklore of Southern India as he believed that folklore was the ‘most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.’

Question. Different social groups had different interpretation of Swaraj. Identify the differences in
their thinking during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer. Different social groups showed different reactions to the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of UP were active in the movement as their crops were hard hit by the trade depression. The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue led to wide spread resentment. The rich peasant communities supported the Civil Disobedience Movement as it was a struggle of high revenues for them. The poor peasants found it difficult to pay the rent to the patidars and landlords. The relationship between the small tenants and the Congress remained uncertain as the Congress could not support the ’no rent’ demand of the poor tenants. The Congress could not afford to antagonise the rich peasants and the landlords. During the First World War, the Indian merchants had made profits and had become powerful. They now reacted against colonial policies that restricted their business activities. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI). Under the leadership of Purushottamdas Thakur and G.D. Birla they joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. The industrial working class, however, contributed little to the Civil Disobedience Movement. They were against the low wages and poor working conditions. But they kept their distance from the Congress who had the support of the rich industrialists. Women participated in Gandhiji’s salt march. Generally, women from urban families and from rich rural household came out to listen to Gandhiji and participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. How did the workers of the plantation react to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question. Why did Gandhiji want the tax on the salt to be abolished?
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question. What was the significant impact of Quit India Movement?
Answer. On August 8, 1942 in the Bombay session of the INC, Gandhiji gave the call for Quit India Movement through his famous slogan of ‘Do or Die’. A resolution was passed for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. People observed hartals and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogAnswer. The entire state machinery came to a standstill. The Quit India Movement was violently suppressed by the British. People were lathi-charged and villages burnt. It took the British more than a year to suppress the movement. Over 1,00,000 people were arrested and the government resorted to violence in order to crush the agitation. The movement also saw the emergence of new national leaders such as Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayprakash Narayana. The Quit India Movement changed the nature of political negotiation with the British, ultimately paving the way for India’s independence.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India Case Based Questions 

1. Read the passage give below and answer the questions that follow.

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. But how did the nation become a reality in the minds of people? How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging? This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image.

Question. How were the Indians able to connect with their culture?
Answer. Through the feeling of collective belonging among each other.

Question. How did revival of Indian folklore help in spread of nationalism?
Answer. Nationalists believed that these tales gave a true picture of the traditional culture that had been destroyed by the colonial forces.

Question. Why did the national leaders encourage developing the identity of the nation as a figure or image?
Answer.
- This helped them in explaining their struggle to the masses.
- This helped in creating an image with which the people could identify the nation.
- This helped in reinterpretation of History for the national leaders.

2. Read the passage give below and answer the questions that follow.

The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

Question. Which movement is being referred in the above given passage?
Answer. Non-cooperation Movement

Question. What was the purpose of Justice Party to contest Elections to Council in Madras?
Answer. The Justice Party wanted to contest the Council Elections as it was one way of gaining some political power.

Question. How did the rural people react to this movement?
Answer. The peasants demanded a reduction of revenue.
The peasants demanded an abolition of bonded labour
The peasants demanded a social boycott of oppressive landlords.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 

Question. How did variety of cultural processes play an important role in making nationalismin India. Explain with examples.
Answer.
Variety of cultural processes played an important role in making of nationalism , in India in the following ways:
♦ The sense of collective belonging inculcated the spirit of nationalism among the people.
History and fiction, folklore and songs and popular prints and symbols played an important part in the making of nationalism.
♦ Bharat mata as identity of the nation: In the twentieth century, various images of Bharat mata, came to light. It represented India. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who had written Vande mataram as a hymn dedicated to the motherland, created the first image of Bharat mata.
Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat mata, as a calm, composed and spiritual figure. It was influenced by the Swadeshi movement.
♦ Folklore to restore a sense of pride: Rabindranath Tagore revived folk songs, folk tales, hymns, legends and stories. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a collection of Tamil folktales the Folklore of southern India.
♦ Flags as identity of the Nation: During the Swadeshi Movement flags were carried to create a sense of national belonging. Carrying the flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.
♦ Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. Many Indians wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times, when art and architecture, mathematics and science flourished. They urged the readers to take pride in their glorious past.

Question. How did Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country?
Explain with examples.
Answer. The different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:
♦ In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took active part in the movement. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the governments revenue demand. For them Swaraj meant struggle against high revenue.
♦ As depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.
♦ Indian merchants and industrialists resented colonial policies which restricted trade. They were against imports of foreign goods. When the civil disobedience movement was first launched, they gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported cloth. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
♦ Some workers participated in the movement with their selective approach adopted from Gandhian ideas to protest against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and dockyard workers. Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
♦ Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement in large number. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Question. Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Answer.
On 13 April, a crowd of villagers gathered in an enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh near Amritsar. These people came there to attend a fair and were unaware of the current political situation or about the martial law imposed by the military governor General Dyer. Dyer entered the ground, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the innocent crowd, killing hundreds. This incident is referred to as the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. General Dyer declared that his main aim was to produce a moral effect and to create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of the satyagrahis. This incident proved to be a turning point in the Indian national movement. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh massacre spread, crowds took to streets in many towns in North India.
There were strikes and clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Innocent people were humiliated and terrorised. People were flogged and villages were burnt for no reason. The national leaders were shocked at this inhumane treatment with fellow Indians and pledged to protest. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements were started after a few months. The main aim of these movements was to protest against Jallianwalla Bagh incident and demand swaraj.

Question. How did the ‘First World War’ create new economic and political situations in India?
Explain with examples.
Answer. The First World War created a new economic and political situation and posed the following problems in India.
♦ It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by increasing taxes on Indians.
♦ Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
♦ Continuous price rise caused extreme hardship to the common people.
♦ Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers by forced recruitment in rural areas which caused widespread anger. All this was aggravated by failure of crop and famine.
♦ Between 1918 and 1921 crops failed, which further aggravated the anger.
♦ Shortage of essential commodities was the natural outcome of war as industries were geared to produce goods to fulfill war needs.

Question. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain.
Answer. Non-Cooperation Movement began in December 1920. It spread to the countryside in the following ways.
♦ The movement started with the participation of middle-class in the cities. Thousands of students left the government-controlled schools and colleges, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their practice. It was to be a nonviolent movement.
♦ In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here, the movement was against talukdars, who charged high rents and peasants had to do beggar.
♦ The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue and abolition of beggar. By the end of 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others had formed Oudh Kisan Sabha. So after the beginning of the Non- Cooperation. Movement, Congress wanted to integrate the Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.
♦ Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhiji and idea of swaraj in their own way. In Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement was organised against colonial oppression under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by the Non- Cooperation Movement.
♦ The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
♦ The movement also spread among the plantation workers in Assam. They were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

Question. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front.
Answer.
♦ The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, the teachers resigned and the lawyers gave up their lucrative practices.
♦ The council elections were boycotted in most provinces. Shops selling foreign goods were picketed and foreign goods boycotted.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were extensive.
♦ Boycotting of foreign goods, liquor and clothes hit the colonial economy.
Value of foreign goods dropped. The import of foreign cloth dropped significantly between 1921 and 1922.
♦ At many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
♦ As the movement spread, people began to discard imported clothes and started to wear khadi and other homemade clothes. This promoted Indian textile mills and the production of handloom went up .

Question. How did Gandhiji try to integrate the Depressed Classes into society? Explain any three points.
Answer. Gandhiji tried to integrate the Depressed Classes into society in the following ways:
♦ He organised Satyagraha to secure entry into temples for them and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
♦ He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables.
♦ He persuaded the upper classes to change their attitude towards the depressed classes and give up untouchability.
♦ When the British conceded to demand of Dr BR Ambedkar to have separate electorates for the depressed classes, Gandhiji went on a fast unto death as he believed that a separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? How was it organized?
Answer. Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 because of the following reasons.
♦ In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.
♦ Indian members unitedly opposed it.
♦ The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
♦ The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.
It was organised in the following ways:
♦ Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws.
♦ It started with hartal on 6th April 1919.
♦ Rallies were organised in various cities in India.
♦ Workers in the railway work shop went on strike.
♦ Shops were closed down in protest.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi found in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
♦ On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to the Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven demands. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
♦ Salt is consumed by all sections of the society, by the rich and the poor alike.
♦ It is one of the most essential items of food.
♦ Mahatma Gandhi declared that tax on salt and government monopoly
over its production was the most oppressive step taken by the British government.
♦ Mahatma Gandhi choose salt because all sections of the society could identify with it and everyone could be brought into a united struggle.

Question. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Explain with examples.
Answer. Most of the movements are issue-specific movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. The main issue was to support Khilafat, as well as swaraj.
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should start in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. The Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left schools and colleges, lawyers gave up their practice. Council elections were boycotted in most provinces. Non- Cooperation had all the characteristics of a movement.
♦ It had a specific issue i.e. it was started in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.
♦ It could not achieve its direct objective. However, it was very successful on the economic front. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922 and its value dropped from 102 crore to 57 crore.
♦ It was short lived. Gandhiji called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri- Chaura incident when police station was set on fire in 1922.
♦ Non-Cooperation also had a clear cut leadership. It was organised under the leadership of Gandhiji.

Question. Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom Struggle of India.
Answer. The Civil Disobedience Movement was unique and significant in many ways.
♦ Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement, the satyagrahis in the movement broke various colonial laws.
♦ This was a more successful and widespread mass movement. Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government offices and factories.
♦ The peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. Officials in villages resigned and forest people violated forest laws.
♦ In this movement, the satyagrahis displayed immense courage and sincerity. Despite the oppression of colonial government, they did not resort to violence and bravely courted arrests.
All Congress leaders were arrested but this could not break the morale of the people.
♦ Another significant feature of the movement was the increased participation of women.
Thousands of women came out of their comfortable life at home to participate in the mass movement. They demonstrated courage and determination, broke salt laws and manufactured salt, picketed shops selling foreign goods and organised various other activities. In the Civil Disobedience Movement, the business and industrial class also supported the national leaders by financial assistance and participated in Khadi movement.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer. Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement because of the following reasons.
♦ The British got worried by the developments of Civil Disobedience Movement and started the arrest of various top Congress leaders.
♦ This led to violent clashes in many parts of the country.
♦ When Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested from Peshawar, angry crowd demonstrated in the streets facing armoured cars and police firing many were killed.
♦ The arrest of Gandhiji led to the attacks on police force, municipal buildings and law courts by industrial workers in Sholapur.
♦ Colonial government got frightened and responded with the policy of brutal repression.
♦ At many places, Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about one lakh people were arrested. It was under these circumstances, Gandhiji called off the Civil Disobedience Movement. 

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain.
Answer. Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension because of the following reasons.
♦ The negotiations at the second Round Table conference in London ended in a failure.
♦ Back in India, the government had again begun the cycle of repression.
♦ Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were in jail.
♦ Congress was declared an illegal organisation.
♦ A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. For over a year, the movement continued, but by 1934, it lost its momentum.

Question. How did BR Ambedkar try to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes? Explain any three points.
Answer.
BR Ambedkar tried to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes in the following ways:
♦ In 1930, Dr. BR Ambedkar organised the Dalits (the untouchables) into an organisation called the Depressed Classes Association, now known as scheduled caste.
♦ His ideas regarding depressed class deferred from that of Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted separate electorates for Dalits.
♦ Whilst at Round Table Conference in London he demanded separate electorates for Dalits and the British coloniser conceded his demand. This caused Mahatma Gandhi to fast unto the death because he believed that separate electorate for the Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the main society.
♦ He signed the Poona Pact with Gandhi ji and the Congress giving the opportunities to depres to secure reserved seat for Dalits in the provincial and Central Legislative Council to be voted in general election.

Question. How did different social groups conceive the idea of Non-cooperation? Explain with examples.
Answer.
♦ In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as indentured labourer. Here, the movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded very high rents, and cesses from the peasants. They had to perform beggar in landlords farms.
They had no right over leased land. When the Non-Cooperation Movement started, the houses of talukdars and landlords were looted. In many place local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji had said no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the peasants.
♦ Tribal peasants of Andhra Pradesh interpreted the message of Gandhiji in a different way.
They were led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. The government had closed large forest areas, preventing the tribals from entering forest to gaze their cattle. They were dependent on forests for food, fuel and trails. The militant movement had begun to resist repressive measures of the colonisers. The tribals became violent and attacked police stations.
♦ For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj had a very different notion. For them freedom meant to move in and out of the confined place. The workers believed that Gandhi raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their village. So, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

Question. Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front.
Answer. The effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economic front were
♦ The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922 and its value dropped from 102 crores to 57 crores.
♦ Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
♦ In many places traders and merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign goods.
♦ As the boycott movement spread people refused to wear imported clothes and wore only Indian ones.
♦ Production of Indian textiles and handlooms went up.

Question. Describe the actions taken by the British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Act.
Answer. The following steps were taken by British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Act.
♦ The British administrators decided to clamp down upon the nationalists because they feared that lines of communication such as railways and telegraphs would be disrupted. They adopted the following methods.
♦ Local leaders were picked from Amritsar.
♦ Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
♦ On 10 April police fired upon peaceful, procession which led to widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railways stations.
♦ Martial law was imposed. General Dyer took charge in Amritsar.

Question. Why did the rich peasants take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Give four reasons.
Answer.
Among the different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement the rich peasants also had their ideals and perceptions of Swaraj which encouraged them to join the movement.
♦ Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh who were producers of commercial crops were hard hit by depression and falling prices.
♦ As their cash income reduced, they were unable to pay government revenue.
♦ The government refused to reduce revenue.So, the rich peasants became enthusiastic supporter of the Civil Disobedience Movement to free them from the situation.

Question. How did peasants of Awadh used different methods to achieve their goal? Explain.
Answer.
The peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ramchandra. The following methods were used to achieve their goals:
♦ They raised their demand for reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and security of land tenure. They took to social boycott of oppressive landlords.
♦ In many places, the panchayats organised nai-dhobi bands to deprive the landlords of basic services of barber and washermen.
♦ Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up with more than 300 branches in the villages around Awadh.

Question. ‘Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer.
♦ Dalit participation was limited in Civil Disobedience Movement because the Congress did not want to offend to ‘Sanatanis’ the upper caste Hindus by including the Dalits.
♦ The dalits believed that political empowerment would solve all the problems , of their social disabilities.
♦ Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to their problems. They organised themselves and demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and separate
electorate that would choose dalit members for councils.
♦ Ambedkar had clashed with Gandhiji at Second Round Table Conference for demanding separate electorate for dalits. Gandhiji viewed this as slowing down the process of unity and their integration into society.
♦ The dalits continued to be apprehensive of Congress led movements because it was dominated by conservative high class Hindus.So the dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was strong.

Question. Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer. Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven demands. The most stirring demand was to abolish salt tax. Salt is the commodity consumed by all, both rich and poor. It is one of the most essential item of food.
The tax on salt and its monopoly over production revealed the oppressive face of British government. Mahatma Gandhi started his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This was the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Main features of the Civil Disobedience Movement are:
♦ First successful mass movement.
♦ People from all sections participated in the Movement.
♦ Women for the first time left their homes and joined the movement.
♦ For the first time the movement was launched with the goal of Purna Swaraj.

Question. Explain the impact of Jallianwallah Bagh incident on the people.
Answer.
♦ As the news of the Jallianwallah Bagh spread, the crowds took to streets in many towns of North India.
♦ There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on government buildings.
♦ The government reciprocated with brutal repression to terrorise the people.
♦ Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam to all officers.
♦ People were flogged and villages around Gujranwala in Punjab (now in Pakistan) were bombed.

Question. How did the people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer. The people reacted differently to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
♦ Thousands of people broke colonial laws and salt laws, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government owned salt factories.
♦ Foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay taxes, revenue and chowkidari taxes. In many places people violated forest laws, going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
♦ In Peshwar, the angry crowd demonstrated in streets, facing armoured cars and police firing.
♦ The colonial government reacted ruthlessly. Worked by the popularity of the movement, the government arrested eminent leaders. It led to violent clashes.
♦ Peaceful satyagrahis were arrested, people were beaten and 1,00,000 were arrested. Congress was declared illegal. Gandhiji signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London.

Question. Describe the developments which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer. The developments that led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movements were as follows.
♦ In 1916, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
♦ In 1917, he organised satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
♦ In 1918, he organised satyagraha for cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.
♦ In 1919, nationwide satyagraha was launched against Rowlatt Act.
♦ Passing of the Rowlatt Act leading to unrest among Indians and arrest of prominent leaders made Gandhiji launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question. Explain the reactions of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
Answer. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
♦ Indians reacted against this unreasonable act, Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law and decided to start a hartal on 6th April 1919.
♦ Rallies were organised in various cities.
♦ People organised hartals all over the country in protest of the Rowlatt Act and the shops were shut down.
♦ Workers went on strike in railway workshops.

Question. Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non Cooperation Movement.
Answer. The tribal peasants of Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh understood the message of Gandhiji and idea of Swaraj in a different way.In Gudem Hills, as in other parts, the tribal peasants were prevented from entering the forest areas, to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits. They were also forced to do beggar. A militant guerrilla movement had spread in the 1920s.The tribal peasants were deprived of their livelihood and their traditional rights were denied. The person who led them was Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by Gandhiji, persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. He also believed India will become free with the use of force and not non-violence. People attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried out guerrilla warfare.

Question. Examine the role of industrial working class in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer.
♦ When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, the industrial working class did not participate in large number except in the Nagpur region.
♦ As the industrialists gave financial assistance and came closer to the Congress, . the workers did not participate in large number.
♦ Some workers did participate in the movement. They boycotted foreign goods. They asked for higher wages and better working conditions. They participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns in Chotanagpur region.
♦ Gandhiji did not support the demands of industrial workers as it would have alienated the business classes.
♦ Gandhiji was reluctant to support the industrial working class as it would have divided the anti-imperialist forces.

Question. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
Answer. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the peasant rebellion in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He became popular because he claimed that he had special powers of astrological predictions and the power to heal people. He could survive bullet shots. In Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in early 1920s. The main aim of the movement was to protest against colonial laws. The government had closed forest areas for grazing of cattle and collection of firewood or fruits. Government compelled them to work free for road building (begar).The people revolted under Alluri Sitaram Raju. He spoke about the greatness of Gandhiji and he was inspired by Non-Cooperation Movement. The people were persuaded to wear Khadi and give up drinking alcohol. He believed India will become independent by force and not by non-violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials.

Question. Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer. The tribal peasants of Gudem Hill in Andhra Pradesh fought for swaraj and revolted against the British. The following were the causes that led the tribals to the revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh:
♦ The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing the tribals from entering the forest to graze their cattle and felt that their traditional rights were being taken away.
♦ The tribal who were strongly dependent on the forests for food, fruits and fuel were prevented to carry out these activities affecting their livelihood which enraged them.
♦ The government was forcing the peasants of the Gudem Hill’to carry out begar (unpaid work) for the building of roads.
♦ A militant movement had begun to resist the repressive measures of the colonisers.The tribals here became violent and attacked police station and attempted to kill the British.

Question. Explain four points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’.
Answer.
Gandhiji had carried out successful satyagraha in South Africa against the racist regime.
♦ According to him satyagraha was not a passive resistance but it called for intensive activity.
♦ It suggested that if the struggle was against injustice, physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Non-violence could also win the battle.
♦ Only through the power of truth and non-violence, an appeal was made to the conscience of the oppressor.
♦ Persuasion, not force, would make the oppressor realise the truth. This dharma of nonviolence and truth united people against the oppressor and made them realise the truth.