CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Making of A Global World Important Questions

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) The Second World War. 
(ii) The Great Depression.
(iii) The Chinese Revolution.
(iv) The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations.
Options:
(A) (i) - (iii) - (iv) - (ii)
(B) (iii) - (iv) - (ii) - (i)
(C) (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii)
(D) (ii) - (i) - (iv) - (iii)
Answer: D

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Indentured Labour was abolished. 
(ii) Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) had a terrifying impact on livelihoods of the African people and the local economy.
(iii) The First World War was fought.
(iv) Potato Famine in Ireland.
Options:
(A) (iv) - (ii) - (iii) - (i)
(B) (iii) - (i) - (ii) - (iv)
(C) (i) - (iv) - (iii) - (ii)
(D) (ii) - (iii) - (iv) - (i)
Answer: A

Question.

(A) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 
(B) (i)-(c ), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(D) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
Answer: B

Question. 

(A) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 
(B) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(C) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
(D) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
Answer: C

Question. Why were the Europeans attracted the most to Africa? U R
(A) By its natural beauty.
(B) By the opportunities for investment.
(C) For its vast land resources and mineral wealth.
(D) For recruitment of labour.
Answer: C

Question. Most Indian Indentured workers came from: 
(A) Eastern Uttar Pradesh
(B) North-Eastern States
(C) Jammu & Kashmir
(D) None of the above
Answer: A

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following:
(A) Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1980s.
(B) Rinderpest moved like forest fire in Africa.
(C) The loss of cattle due to this destroyed African livelihoods.
(D) Colonial Government forced the Africans into the labour market.
Answer: A

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s.
(B) During this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.
(C) The exact timing and impact of the depression varied across countries.
(D) But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the best affected.
Answer: D

Question. Study the below given information and identify the correct option in reference to it from among the given options: 
Consider the jute producers of Bengal. They grew raw jute that was processed in factories for export in the form of gunny bags. But as gunny exports collapsed, the price of raw jute crashed more than 60 per cent. Peasants who borrowed in the hope of better times or to increase output in the hope of higher incomes faced ever lower prices, and fell deeper and deeper into debt. Thus, the Bengal jute growers’ lament:
Grow more jute, brothers, with the hope of greater cash. Costs and debts of jute will make your hopes get dashed. When you have spent all your money and got the crop off the ground, … traders, sitting at home, will pay only Rs 5 a maund.
(A) The Great Depression
(B) India and the Great Depression
(C) Post-War Recovery
(D) Rise of mass production and consumption
Answer: B

Question. In Trinidad what was referred as Hosay? 
(A) Annual Muharram procession marking a Carnival.
(B) Christmas celebration
(C) Easter festival
(D) New Year celebration
Answer: A

Question. Until 18th century, which two countries were considered the Richest in the World? 
(A) China and Japan
(B) England and France
(C) India and China
(D) England and Italy
Answer: C

Question. Study the below given information and identify the correct option in reference to it from among the given options:
The Silk Routes are a good example of vibrant premodern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. But Chinese pottery also travelled through the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.
Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian Missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did Early Muslim Preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the Silk Routes. 
(A) Pre-modern Trade and cultural links
(B) Trade and cultural exchange
(C) Silk Routes link the world
(D) Chinese Silk cargoes
Answer: C

Assertion and Reason Based MCQs

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.

Question. Assertion (A): Most Indentured labour in India came from present day Eastern UP, Bihar, Central India and dry districts of Tamil Nadu. 
Reason (R): In mid 19th century, the regions of Eastern UP, Bihar, Central India and Tamil Nadu where affected due to inflation in prices after First World War.
Answer: C

Question. Assertion (A): Europe emerged as the centre of World Trade in the 19th century. 
Reason (R): Till the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries.
Answer:  B

Question. Assertion (A): US quickly recovered after First World War. 
Reason (R): US exports boosted European recovery and world trade over the next six years.
Answer: C

Question. Assertion (A): World Bank and IMF were established after the Second World War. 
Reason (R): Second World War caused an immense amount of economic destruction and many parts of Europe and Asia were destroyed.
Answer: A

Question. Assertion (A): The Silk Routes are a good example of pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. 
Reason (R): The name 'Silk Routes' points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
Answer: A

Question. Assertion (A): The First World War was a war like no other before. 
Reason (R): The First World War was mainly fought in Europe.
Answer: D

Case-based MCQs

I. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millennia, cowries  (the Hindi cowrie or seashells, used as a form ofcurrency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa. The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century. By the thirteenth century it had become an unmistakable link.

Question. In English, meaning of Cowrie is:
(A) Seashells
(B) Nutshells
(C) Walnut shells
(D) None of these
Answer: A

Question. In ancient times who travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment? 
(A) Travellers
(B) Traders
(C) Priests
(D) All of them
Answer: D

Question. Besides goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, they also carried: 
(A) gold
(B) germs and diseases
(C) silver
(D) none of the above
Answer: B

Question. The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced between: 
(A) Sixth-twelfth Century
(B) Eight-fourteenth Century
(C) Seventh-thirteenth Century
(D) Ninth-sixteenth Century
Answer: C

II. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
The Silk Routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name 'silk routes' points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. But Chinese pottery also travelled the
same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.
Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.

Question. What was exported from India through Silk route?
(A) Oil
(B) Petroleum 
(C) Textile and Spices
(D) Herbs
Answer: C

Question. Early Christian Missionaries and ______ preachers travelled through this route to Asia. 
(A) Christian
(B) Sikh
(C) Muslim
(D) Buddhist
Answer: C

Question. The Silk routes are a good example of: 
(A) Modern trade
(B) Pre-modern trade
(C) Ancient trade
(D) Global trade
Answer: B

Question. Silk is a _________ product. 
(A) Japanese
(B) Korean
(C) American
(D) Chinese
Answer: D

III. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain.
As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'.
Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.
After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

Question. The Government restricted the Import of: 
(A) Medicines
(B) Textiles
(C) Corn
(D) Cooking oil
Answer: C

Question. _______ were unhappy with high food prices.
(A) Urban dwellers
(B) Industrialists
(C) Poor people
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Answer: D

Question. In eighteenth century the demand for food grains increased in Britain due to: 
(A) Less production
(B) Population growth
(C) Crop failure
(D) Ancient techniques
Answer: B

Question. Expansion of urban centres and growth of industries pushed up the prices of: 
(A) Agricultural products
(B) Defence products
(C) Economy
(D) Living
Answer: A

IV. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
The trade in meat offers a good example of this connected process. Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or became unfit to eat. Meat was hence, an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. High prices in turn kept demand and production down until the development of a new technology, namely, refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport
of perishable foods over long distances.
Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet.
To the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes many, though not all, could now add meat (and butter and eggs) to their diet. Better living condition promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

Question. Example of connected process is trade in meat.
Connection here refers to: 
(A) Simple policies of the government
(B) Cheap Prices
(C) Role of Technology
(D) All the above
Answer: C

Question. America, Australia and New Zealand were the ________ point for the export of meat to Europe. 
(A) Starting
(B) Mid
(C) Ending
(D) None of the above
Answer: A

Question. Animals were shipped live from:
(A) Germany to America
(B) America to England
(C) America to Europe
(D) Europe to Asia
Answer: C

Question. ________ enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. 
(A) Ships
(B) Big voyages
(C) Refrigerated Ships
(D) Steamers
Answer: C

V. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the US). It was a war waged for six years on many fronts, in many places, over land, on sea and in the air.
Once again death and destruction was enormous. At least 60 million people, or about 3% of the world's 1939 population, are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the war. Millions more were injured.
Unlike in earlier wars, most of these deaths took place outside the battlefields. Many more civilians than soldiers died from war-related causes. Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated, and several cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks. The war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Reconstruction promised to be long and difficult.

Question. The difference between First World War and Second World War was: 
(A) Two decades
(B) One decade
(C) Three decades
(D) Four decades
Answer: A

Question. Vast parts of _______ were devastated. 
(A) Europe and Asia
(B) Africa and Asia
(C) Europe and Africa
(D) Africa and America
Answer: A

Question. The Second World War was fought for _______ years on many fronts, in many places, over land, sea and air. R
(A) five years
(B) two years
(C) six years
(D) ten years
Answer: C

Question. In 1939 about _______ of world population were at least _______ million people, who were killed in Second World War. R
(A) 5%, 50
(B) 6%, 60
(C) 3%, 30
(D) 3%, 60
Answer: D

VI. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow:
Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa's in the east, Rinderpest moved west 'like forest fire', reaching Africa's Atlantic coast in 1892. It reached to Cape (Africa's southernmost tip) five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed Africa's livelihoods.
Planters, mine owners and Colonial Governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market. Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.
Similar stories can be told about the impact of Western conquest on other parts of the nineteenth-century world.

Question. Rinderpest reached in the Cape after ________ years. 
(A) One
(B) Five
(C) Three
(D) Four
Answer: B

Question. The loss of cattle destroyed livelihoods of _______. 
(A) Indians
(B) Americans
(C) Asians
(D) Africans
Answer: D

Question. Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late ________. 
(A) 1980s
(B) 1780s
(C) 1880s
(D) 1870s
Answer: C

Question. It was carried by infected ________. 
(A) Cows
(B) Hens
(C) Goats
(D) Cattle
Answer: D

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What do we call the law that allowed the British Government to restrict the import of corn?
Answer: Corn Laws.

Question. Who are referred to as the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

Question.What is referred to as El Dorado?
Answer: An imaginary city of gold situated in South America.

Question. Name the two hostile groups of Second World War. 
Answer: (a) Axis power: Germany, Italy, and Japan.
(b) Allied power: France, Britain, USSR, USA and China.

Question. What do 'Silk Routes' refer to? 
Answer: Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa.

Question. Who discovered the continent of America?
Answer: Christopher Columbus.

Question. Who was a well-known pioneer of mass production?
Answer: Henry Ford.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s livelihoods and local economy in Africa in 1890s?
OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the coming of Rinderpest to Africa. 
Answer: Impact of Rinderpest:
(i) Rinderpest killed 90% of cattle in Africa.
(ii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
(iii) Planters, Mine Owners and Colonial Government successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained to strengthen their power and to force Africans into Labour Market.
(iv) Control over the cattle resources enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.

Question. Describe the economic conditions of Britain after the ‘First World War’.
OR
Explain the impact of the First World War on the British economy. 
OR
Explain the three impacts of the First World War on the British economy.
Answer: Economic conditions of Britain after the First World War:
After the First World War, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position. Britain was burdened with huge external debts. The war had led to an economic boom, a large increase in demand, production and employment. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. At the same time, the government reduced bloated war expenditures to bring them into line with peace time revenues. These debts led to huge job losses.
Many agricultural economists were also in crisis.

Question. Explain any three effects of population growth in England in the late eighteenth century.
Answer:
(i) Food could now be imported into England.
(ii) Demand of food grains increased as urban centers expanded.
(iii) Due to pressure from land groups, government restricted import of corn by enacting Corn Laws.

Question. Why did Europeans flee to America in the nineteenth century, Explain. 
Answer: Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because:
(i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
(iv) Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to inability of British agriculture to compete with imports.
(v) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future
(vi) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.

Question. In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
OR
“Food offers many examples of long distance
cultural exchange.” Justify this statement. 
Answer:
(i) Traders and Travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti.
(iii) Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an Island now in Italy in 5th century.
(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors.

Question. How had Indian trade been beneficial for the British during seventeenth century? Explain 
Answer: Trade with Indians was greatly beneficial to the British in the 17th century. Various other products like cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, peter and tea were also traded. All these items were in demand in Britain and their availability from India enhanced the quality of life for the British.

Question. Elucidate any three factors that led to the Great Depression. 
Answer:
(i) Agricultural over-production remained a problem and it was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
(ii) As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a large volume of produce to the market but it pushed down prices. 
(iii) In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in the US.
(iv) But in the first half of the 1920s, countries that depended crucially on US loan faced an acute crisis.
(v) The withdrawal of the US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways. In Europe, it led to the failure of small major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British Pound Sterling.

Question. Mention any three effects of the British Government’s decision for the abolition of the Corn Laws. 
OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Answer:
(i) Food could be imported into Britain at a much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country.
(ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries.
(iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.
(iv) Around the world—in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia—lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand. 

Question. Why did the Industrialists and people living in cities of Britain forced the government to abolish Corn Laws in the 18th Century?
Answer:
(i) Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from Farmers, the Government restricted the Import of Corn. These laws were commonly know as the ‘Corn Laws’.
(ii) On the other hand, the Industrialists and people living in cities forced the Government to abolish the Corn Laws.

Question. “The Multinational Companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
(i) Since the Revolution in 1949, China gradually came in the field of world economy. It attracted the foreign MNCs because of its lowest economic structure.
(ii) Wages were relatively low.
(iii) China had the largest population besides labour.
They also formed a large consumer base.

Question. Mention three reasons for the creation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. 
Answer:
(i) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.
(ii) When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank.
(iii) Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods Institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries.
(iv) The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.

Question. Explain the following:
(i) G-77
(ii) Great Depression of 1929. 
Answer: (i) G-77 Organisation was formed by the former colonies to demand a New International Economic Order.
(ii) It was a period of serious decline in production, employment, income and trade. 

Question. ‘China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries.’ Justify the statement.
Answer: China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries because:
(i) Wages were relatively low in countries like China.
(ii) This was because of the low cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
(iii) TVs, Mobile phones and Toys seen in the shops seem to be made in China.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe the impact of Great Depression on Indian economy. 
Answer: The Impact of Great Depression on Indian economy:
(i) India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
(ii) As agricultural prices fell sharply internationally, as a result of this, prices plunged in India.
(iii) Despite this, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
(iv) Peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their jewellery and precious metals.
(v) India became exporter of metal.
(vi) Town dwellers found themselves better off.
(vii) Industrial investment grew.

Question. Critically examine the expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century.
Answer: Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century:
(i) In many parts of the world, these developments meant loss of freedom and livelihoods.
(ii) In late 19th century, Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the Colonies.
(iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
(iv) The example of indentured labour migration.
(v) Great misery and poverty for others.
(vi) New forms of coercion in Asia and Africa.

Question. Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods System and the beginning of globalisation.
Answer: The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are: 
(i) Decline in economic power of the USA:
(a) US dollar no longer commanded confidence in the world’s principal currency.
(b) US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to Gold.
(c) Collapse of fixed exchange rates and introduction of floating exchange rates.
(ii) Change in the International Financial System:
(a) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
(b) International financial system changed and developing countries were forced to borrow from Western Commercial Banks.
(c) This led to periodic debt crisis in the developing world, increased poverty in Africa and Latin America.
(iii) Unemployment in Industrialised Countries:
(a) Industrial world was hit by unemployment.
(b) The number of unemployed started rising and people trudged long distances looking for any work they could find.
(iv) Shifting of Production Enterprises: MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages.
(v) Changes in China:
(a) China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs.
(b) China which had been cut off from the postwar world economy, since its revolution in 1949, has now come back into the fold of the world economy.
(c) Its new economic policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to it. Low cost structure of the Chinese economy, its low wages, has flooded the world market with Chinese goods.

Question. "Indian trade had played a crucial role in late nineteenth century world economy". Analyse the statement.
Answer: Indian trade played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.
This statement can be analysed through the following facts:
(i) Trade Surplus: Britain had a trade surplus with India, i.e., a situation under which the value of exports is more than the imports. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries.
(ii) Home charges: Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called ‘Home Charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debts and pensions of the British officials in India.
(iii) Major supplier of cotton: India remained a major supplier of raw cotton to Britain which was required to feed the Cotton Textile Industry of Britain.
(iv) Supplier of indentured workers: Many indentured workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India migrated to other countries to work in Mines and Plantations. 

Question. Describe the role of 'Technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.
Answer: Role of Technology in transformation of the World in the nineteenth century:
(i) Transformation of the world economy: Railways, steam ships and telegraph – were important inventions which transformed nineteenth-century world. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport; faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
(ii) Impact on meat trade: Till the 1870s, meat from America was shipped to Europe in the form of live animals which were then slaughtered in Europe.
But live animals took up a lot of ship space and many of them also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or became unfit to eat. A new technology, namely, refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distance. Now animals were slaughtered at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced the shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social pace within the country and support for Imperialism abroad.

Question. Explain any five factors that led to the Great Depression of 1929. 
OR
What do you know about the Great Depression?
Write any two causes of it.
Answer:The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced decline in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were amongst the most affected.
Causes of Great Depression:
(i) Post-World War, economy of the world was fragile.
Agricultural over production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted.
(ii) Many countries financed loans from the US.
(iii) US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis.
(iv) Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe and in the US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors.
(v) American capitalists stopped all loans.

Question. After 19th century, how did the Indentured labourers discover their own ways of survival? Explain. 
Answer:
(i) Initially, the indentured labourers found it difficult to adjust to the harsh living conditions of the plantation. But very soon they discovered new ways of survival.
(ii) They developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blended art, cultural forms, old and new.
(iii) In Trinidad, the cultural Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined.
(iv) The Protestant religion ‘Rastafarianism’ is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migration to Caribbean.
(v) Chutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana is another creative expression of the post indenture experience.

Question. State any one factor for the Great Depression ?
Answer: Agricultural over production and falling agricultural.

Question. What were corn laws ? Why were they passed ?
Answer: Government to restrict the import of corn. Under pressure from landed groups.

Question. What was Rinderpest ?
Answer: It was a fast spreading disease of cattle plague that affected Africa in 1980.

Question. What were canal colonies in Punjab ?
Answer: The canal colonies consisted of area irrigated by the new canals.

Question.  What was the period of the Great Depression ?
Answer: Around 1929.

Question. What do you understand by exchange rates ?
Answer: Linking  national currencies for purposes of international trade.

Question. What do you understand by ‘Indentured Labour’ ?
Answer: For a specific amount of time to pay off his passage to a new country or home.

Question. What does the names ‘Silk roots’ point to ?
Answer: Importance of west bound Chinese silk cargoes along the route.

Question. How were human societies interlinked in ancient times ?
Answer: By travelers, traders, priests and pilgrims who travelled vast distances for knowledge and spiritual fulfillment or to escape persecution. 

Question. Mention any three sources of interlinkage between nations in ancient times.
Answer: i)     They carried goods, money, ideas, inventions and even germs.

                ii)     As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilization.

                iii)     From the ninth century images of ships appear regularly in memorial stones found in the western.

Question. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement ?
Answer: i)  The main aim of the past war international economic system was to preserve economic stability. 

                 ii)  The U. N monetary and financial conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in USA agreed upon its framework.

Question.  Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange ? Support your answer with three examples. 
Answer:  i)  Travelers and traders introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even ready food stuff in distant parts of the world. 

                 ii)    Arab trades took pasta to fifth century Sicily (Itly). 

                 iii)    Our major common food are potatoes, soya, tomatoes etc.

Question. Describe three types of movements or flows within International Economic Exchanges in the 19^th  century ? What were its effects ?
Answer: i)  First is the flow of trade which is referred largely to trade in goods. 

                  ii)     Second is the migration of people in search of employment. 

                  iii)    Third is the movement of capital.

Question. Describe various methods employed by the Europeans to recruit and retain labour in Africa ?
Answer:  i)      Heavy taxes were imposed.

                       ii)      Inheritances laws were changed which displayed the peasants from land.

                       iii)     Mine workers were also confined in compounds and not allowed to move about freely

Question. India played a crucial role in the late 19^th century would economy. – Explain with examples.
Answer:  i)         When the value of exports is more than value of import it is called trade surplus.

                       ii)        Over 19^th century exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased.

                      iii)        Britain used the surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries.

Question. What is meant by Trade Surplus with India ?
Answer: Same above.

Question. Explain the impacts of the 1^st World War on Brithish economy ?
Answer: i)    Past war recovery was a difficult process in Britain because during the war Industries had developed in Japan and India.

                  ii)    It had borrowed huge amount from US to meet war exoenditures. 

                  Iii)   The war had led to economic boom due to large increased in demand.

Question.  Why did developing countries organize the G-77 ? Give three reasons.
Answer: i)  The IMF and World Banks were designed to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.

                  ii)  Not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty. 

                  iii) Colonial powers still controlled and exploited vital external resources.                                   

Question. What was the group of 77 ? Why was it formed ? Describe its aim and activities.
Answer: Same above.

Question. What are IMF and World Bank also known as ? Why did their shift their attention to the developing countries ? 
Answer:  i)  IMF :-  Its aim was to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member’s nations. 

                 ii) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank was set up to finance past war reconstructions. 

                 iii)  They were not equipped to cope with the challenges of poverty and lack of development.                               

                 iv)  As Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economic the grew less development on IMF and the World Bank.      

Question. Describe the main features of World Was I.
Answer: War between two powers blocs :-

i)    Britain, France, Russia later joined us and the central power Germany, Austria, Hungary and ottoman Turkey. 

ii)   Recruitment of soldiers throughout the world. 

iii)   Death and destruction of property. 

iv)   Reconstructing of industries.

Snapping of economic links between world’s largest economic power.

Question. From mid-nineteenth century how the demand for more food led to the flow of capital and labour all over the world ? 
Answer: i)       Railway services were required to link the agricultural regions to the ports.

                 ii)      New harbors had to be build.

                 iii)     People had to settle on the land to bring them under cultivation.

                 iv)     All over the world some 150 million left homes in search of better future.

Question. How did technological inventions transform 19^th century world ? Give five examples.
Answer:  i)  Railways lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly  from far away farms to final markets. 

                 ii)  Earlier in the trade of meat, animal were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered.

                 iii)  Earlier there was less demand due to high prices. 

                 iv)  This reduced the price of meat.

                 v)   Poor could afford it.                                                       

Question. What is meaning of cultural fusion ? Highlight any three forms of cultural fusion which were part of the making of global world ? 
Answer:   i)            Agricultural fusion is a part of the making of the global world.

                 ii)            Some examples of cultural fusion or a new culture among the indentured workers.

                 iii)           The protest religion of Rastafarianism is also another example.

                 iv)           Chutney music in Trinidad and Guyana is also an example of cultural fusion.

                 v)            In Trinidad the Annual Muharram Procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’.