CBSE Class 8 English Revision Worksheet Set B

SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

During 18th century, British east India Company was extending its power in worldwide. That time Indian princes were fighting each other. East India Company subdued Indian princes one by one. During the period of 1765 to 1836 India had to witness many incidents. Untouchability, child marriage and other social evils existed in Indian society. The people were superstitious also. The British imposed heavy taxes on farmers so that farmers had to abandon their fields. The east India Company’s law began to cripple Indian industries. Ram Mohan Roy, a learned person from Bengal understood what was wrong with this country.
He was attracted by science and modern knowledge. He went to England and fought for the justice of India. But the British continued to oppress Indians In 1818 they had passed regulation III, under it, an Indian could be jailed without trail in a court. During 1835-56 Thomas Macaulay suggested some change in Indian Education. They taught Indians their language. By 1856, British had conquered the whole India. Some Indian soldiers in east India Company were ill pleased with the attitude of East Indian Company. A soldier named Mangal Pandey attacked the regiment and executed. In 1857, a violent revolt was out broken. The rebellion spread wider. Many landlords lost their lands, because of the British policies . Many rulers like Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow, Maulvi Abenedulla of Faisabaad, Tantya Tope aroused the people of India to fight against British Raj.

Word meanings:-
1) Glimpse - a brief look at something
2) Martyrs - a person who sacrifices life for the sake of his country
3) Scorned - strong feeling
4) Abandon - leave permanently
5) Despise - hate
6) Opinion - personal view
7) Suspicious - not able to trust
8) Despirate - absence of hope
9) Deceived - to cheat
10) Upsurge - a sudden forceful flow

Very short word answers

Question. The ruler who fought pitched bettles against the British and died fighting.
Answer : Kunwar Singh

Question. The person who wanted to reform the society.
Answer : Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question. The person who recommended the introduction of English education in India.
Answer : Lord Macaulay

Question. Two popular leaders who led the revolt .
Answer : Maulvi Ahmedulla of Faizabad and Peshwa Nana Saheb

Question. Two examples of social practices prevailing then.
Answer : Untouchability and child marriage

 Short Question Answers

Question. Do you think the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757?
Answer : Yes, the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757.As they only thought about their kingdom and they wanted to defeat the nearby king with the help of Britishers.

Question. Two oppsessive policies of the British.
Answer : British officers drew large amount of salaries than Indians
* They could may fortune in private business.

Long Question Answers

Question. How did the East India Company subdue the Indian princes?
Answer : The Indian princes were constantly at war with each other. They called the English merchants to help them in their fights. The people had no peace due to such constant fights. The rivalries helped the East India Company subdue the Indian princes one by one.

Question. Quote the words used by Ram Mohan Roy to say that every religion teaches the same principles.
Answer : According to Ram Mohan Roy, “Cows are of different colours, but the colour of their milk is the same. Different teachers have different opinions, but the essence of every religion is the same.”

Question. In what ways did the British officers exploit Indians?
Answer : To earn quick profits, the British imposed heavy taxes, thereby forcing the Indian farmers to abandon their fields. They decided to do away with import duty for goods manufactured in England. This crippled the Indian industries. In 1818, they passed Regulation III. Under it, an Indian could be jailed without trial in a court. All the time British officers in India drew big salaries and also made fortunes in private business. By 1829, Britain was exporting British goods worth seven crore rupees to India. The British prospered on the Company’s loot, while the Indian industries began to die.

Question. Who is artisan ? Why do you think the artisan suffered ?
Answer : An artisan is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative. The artisan suffered because the British were extracting very high taxes which ruined them economically. Moreover, machine - manufactured goods imported from British were sold extensively, which ruined the business of the artisans' hand made goods.

Question. What do you understand by the company's superior weapons?
Answer : Technologically, the East India Company was far superior to the Indian Princes who were constantly at war with each other. The Englishmen had access to better quality weapons. This prompted the Indian Princes to seek their help in their fights. These internal rivalries helped the East India Company subdue the Indian Princes one by one, and finally gain control over the whole India.

Question. Four reasons for. The discontent that led to the 1857 war of independence.
Answer : (i) Untouchability and child marriage
(ii) The British decided to do away with import duty on goods manufactured in England. This severly affected Indian industries.
In 1818, they passed Regulation III. Under it, an Indian could be jailed without trial in a court.
(iii) They lost their old jobs and lands. They were being converted by the British.
(iv) Discontent was brewing amongst the Indians They felt that their Kings who were supposed to be their protectors were mere puppets in the hands of the British. They lost their old jobs and lands. Taxes continued to ruin the peasants. There were discontent in the East India Company's Army too. The white soldier got huge pay, mansions to live in and servants, while the Indian soldiers got a pittance and slow promotions. Few Englishmen had cared to understand Indian customs or the people's mind. The relief sentiments of both Hindus and Muslims were also hurt. The grease on the bullets they had to bite was made from the fat of cows and pigs.

NOTE Do the above mentioned exercises in a copy or on a paper.

(SAY NO)

My Vocabulary

1. Favorite        6 Suggestion 
2. Wise            7. Realize 
3. Courtiers      8. Against 
4. Jealous         9. Refused 
5. Discussion   10. Reversed 

Question. Who was king’s favorite and why? 
Answer : Gopal was king’s favorite because he was very wise.

Question. Who were king’s courtiers (drbwrI) and ministers jealous of and why?
Answer : They were jealous of Gopal because he was king’s favorite.

Question. What did the courtiers ask the king to do?
Answer :The courtiers asked the king to say ‘No’ to Gopal whatever he said.

Question. What discussion ifskSn (crcw) was going on in the court ?
Answer : How to help the people in the kingdom to become more intelligent.

Question. What was Gopal’s suggestion to make the people intelligent?
Answer : To have a discussion on some topic every day.

Question. What did Gopal realize when the king said ‘NO’ to whatever he said?
Answer : Gopal realized that the ministers had made some plan against (ivru`D) him.

Question. What did Gopal request the king to give his courtiers and ministers?
Answer : Gopal requested the king to give five hundred gold coins to his each minister.

Question. What made the courtiers sad? 
Answer : The king said ‘No’ to Gopal’s request to give the ministers five hundred gold coins. 

Question. Why did the ministers and the courtiers run away? 
Answer : Because the king refused to forgive them.

Question. How were the jealous courtiers taught a lesson? eIrKwlU drbwrIAW nUM sbk ikvyN imilAw ?
Answer : Gopal reversed (aultw pw dyxW) their plan and taught them a lesson.

Section A (Reading)

1. Read the passage carefully:-

Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the Progressive era of the early 1900’s,it is not surprising that the President of the United States at that time was among the first to articulate its political dimension. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters ”muckrackers”, after a character from John Bunyan’s ”Pilgrim’s Progress” who humbly cleaned ”the filth of the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrackers as “often indespensible to the well-being of society”.

There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and their is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every man, whether politician or businessman.

Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil”.

So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Vigilant journalists bring wrongdoing to public attention. An informed citizenry responds by demanding reforms from their elected representatives. Policymakers respond in turn by taking corrective action. Partly a product of its muckracking roots; this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposes published in the year 1970’s.The most celebrated of these exposes were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.

On the basis of reading the above passage answer the following questions:-

a) The passage suggests that Roosevelt’s choice of name for investigative reporters reflects his belief that______________________________.

b) The term ’folklore’ and ‘idealized perspective’ suggest that the author of the passage would agree with ___________________________.

c) The author of the passage refers to the report on the “Watergate crimes” primarily as an example of ____________________.

d) The phrase ‘unearthing wrong doing’ would imply __________.

e) The brand of journalism discussed in the paragraph is based on the assumption that ___________.

Section B (Writing)

2. Draft a poster on the occasion of ‘Women’s Day’furnishing with the slogans in about 50 words.

3. You are Pravin / Prabha. You are sad to think that a number of children are made to labour at ‘dabhas’ and other eatries and are badly treated. Express your feelings in a diary entry in about 50-60 words.

Q1. Prepare an Audio Visual presentation in your own voice on ‘Tenses’ that should include structure of each form and its uses. Insert relevant and colourful pictures and examples for each form to make it more interesting. Record the same in a CD.

Q2. Make an interesting collage to drive home the point mentioned in the given quote:

‘You can drop bombs, build roads or factories but until the girls are educated society won’t change.’

Also draft a speech to lay emphasis on your point of view. Record the same in the CD (about 4 mins).

Q3.Watch and enjoy English movies like Stuart Little, Harry Potter and The Spy Kids.

Write a short review of the film using following value points:

 The name of the film

 The names of the main actors, both male and female

 The name of the director

 The name of the music director

 The Plot of the movie (in about 120 words)

 The description of the main characters – how they look , behave etc?

 The character you liked the most and why? (about 100 words)

 The lesson (s) that you might have learnt from it about life or life’s problems

 Why you would recommend the film to your friends?

You can add pictures, photographs or drawing to make it interesting and presentable.

Q4. Complete the story whose opening sentence is given below:

i. Once on a stormy night, a traveller …

ii. One evening, Naresh, a poor labourer, was on his way back to his hut…

iii. One winter morning when Father ….

Add related pictures to make it more impressive and interesting.

Q5. Read the newspaper daily. Collect information about any two famous personalities who were in limelight all these days . Paste at least 2 news related to each . Collect his/her photographs and use them appropriately in the profile. You must include details about :

 His/her parents, childhood

 Education (school/college)

 First public appearance

 Achievements at school and college levels

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the passage carefully.

The discovery of fire brought about many changes in the life of the early man. Today we cannot imagine a world without fire. Yet, when fire gets out of control, it can cause immense damage to human life and property, therefore, it is important to know what causes fires and how to prevent them, specially in the house.

Nylon or synthetic clothes catch fire quickly, so wearing them in the kitchen is unsafe.

Children sometimes try to light a matchstick, and the burning stick may fall on their clothes and burn them. Children lighting fire crackers during Diwali can get burnt or cause accidents.

Sometimes, people throw away a matchstick after lighting a stone or fire. If it falls on a material that burns easily, there can be a fire. Defects in the electrical wiring of a house can also start a fire.

Most fires are caused by carelessness. Following some simple rules can prevent a fire.

Children should not touch boiling pans or stoves. Adults should be careful while cooking. One should wear only cotton clothes in the kitchen.

Children should not be allowed to touch matchboxes.

Children should be allowed to light firecrackers when they are alone. Adults too should be careful. Matchsticks should be put out properly before being thrown away. Electrical wiring in the house should be checked regularly.

A.1. Complete the following sentences.

(i) Nylon clothes and match boxes prove to be harmful as ________________

(ii) A celebration can lead to an accident when _________________

(iii) It is important to check the ______________.

(iv) Two of the things that the children should not be allowed to do are ______________.

A.2. Find the synonyms of-

(i) Unlimited (ii) To keep away from happening (iii) Artificial

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Section - B (Writing Skills)
B.1. Using the information given below write a bio sketch of N.R. Narayan Murthy, the founder of Infosys.
Full Name : N.R. Narayan Murthy
Date of birth : 20th August, 1946
Place of birth : Mysore, Karnataka
Education : Bachelor of Engineering 1967
Masters in Engineering from IIT Kanpur in 1969
Achievements : Founded Infosys and remained CEO for 22 years
Book Published : “A Better India: A Better World”
Awards : Padma Shree 2000
Padma Vibhushan 2009

Section - D (Literature)

The Tyger
NOTES

―Tyger tiger burning bright… nigh
The tiger burns like fire in the surrounding darkness. Its black and yellow striped body glows in the darkness and its eyes gleam amidst the forest. The poet uses strong imagery to suggest fierceness and strength of the Tyger. He is filled with awe to see the Tyger.

―What immortal hand or eye … symmetry
„Immortal hand‟ refers to the strength and power and honour associated with the creator. Immortal eye‟ refers to the vision that conceived or envisioned the powerful and symmetrical frame of the tiger here William Blake questions the power and vision of the creator who created such a fierce yet beautiful animal like the tiger.

In what distant deeps … he aspire.
Here „distant deeps refers to the ocean and „skies‟ refers to the heaven. „Wings‟ refer to imagination insight or vision. Blake questions the imagination of the creator who could conceive such an animal. He wonders from where the creator acquired the ingredients to make this fierce form. He wonders what is the source of fire that blazes in tiger‟s eyes.

"What the hand dare seize the fire‘
The poet questions the hidden strength of the creator.

"When the stars threw down their spears‘
Stars are the heavenly bodies that cry for the innocent creatures who will now have to face the fierce tiger.

"Did he smile… lamb made thee‘.
The poet wonders if the creator was happy to see his creation he wonders if it is the same benevolent creator who created the docile lamb that created the fierce tiger.

"Dare frame thy fearful symmetry‘
The poet realizes that the creator wants to put evil (tiger) against the good (lamb) to prove that innocence and good is superior to evil.

QUESTION/ ANSWERS

Question. Explain the phrase ‗fearful symmetry‘.
Answer: „Fearful Symmetry‟ refers to the fierceness and strength of the tiger which though has beautiful body and bright eyes is evil and feels no pity for the animals that become its prey. Through this phrase, William Blake not only describes the tiger but also praises the creator‟s power and imagination which helped him conceive the powerful, symmetrical frame of the tiger.

Question.The poet substitutes the word ‗could‘ with ‗dare‘ what does it convey?
Answer: In the beginning of the poem, the poet by using the world „could‟ shows his curiosity to know more about the creator. His tone is that of inquisitiveness, wonder and awe. But by the end of the poem the poet realizes that only a very powerful creator can create such a fierce animal like the tiger. Thus he substitutes could with dare in the last stanza answering his own questions.

Question. Why does the poet refer to the lamb in the line "Did he who made lamb made thee‘?
Answer: To these lines William Blake praises the creator‟s imagination which helped him create the fierce tiger and the docile lamb. The poet wonders why God made evil even when he knows that goodness is matchless. The poet finally realizes that the creator wants to create a balance, for only if evil exists will we realize the importance and true value of goodness.

D.1. ―In what distant deeps and skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?"
(i) Who is „thine‟ here?
(ii) What wings is the poet talking about?

D.2. How has the poet described the Tyger?
D.3. ―Did he smile his work to see?"
(i) Who is „He‟ in this line?
(ii) What work is the poet talking about?

Fill in the blanks with the correct idioms. Make the necessary changes.

fair-weather friend rain cats and dogs under the weather
lovely weather for ducks as right as rain rain or shine

(i) Grandpa is _________________ after the operation.
(ii) I have a headache. I am feeling _________________. I don‟t think I‟ll go to the office today.
(iii) All the roads are blocked. It has been _________________ all night.
(iv) Don‟t worry. I won‟t let you down. I will be there, _________________.
(v) A _________________ isn‟t much help in times of adversity.
(vi) I find this weather very depressing, but it‟s _________________.

Proverb Time
P.20. If you chase two rabbits, you – If you try to do two things at the same
will not catch either one. won't succeed in doing either of them.
P.21. In the land of the blind, the – A man of even limited ability has an
one-eyed man is king. advantage over a person who is less able.
P.22. It takes all sorts to make a – People vary in character and abilities, and
world. this is a good thing.
P.23. Learning is a treasure that will – Education is something you keep forever.
follow its owner.

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the passage carefully.
Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with powder rag. She stood at the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking a grey fence in a grey backyard. Tomorrow would be Christmas day, and she had only 1.87 dollars with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. There are only 1.87 dollars to buy a present for Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for me.
Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its colour. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.
Now, there were two possessions of the Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim‟s gold watch; the other was Della‟s hair.
So now Della‟s beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her, and then she did it up again nervously and quickly.
On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of her skirts and a brilliant sparkle in her eyes, she went out of the door and down the stairs to the street. Where she stopped the sign read:

Mme. Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds

One flight up Della ran and collected herself panting. Madam, large, too white, chilly, hardly looked the „Sofronie.‟
„Will you buy my hair? asked Della.
„I buy hair,‟ said Madam. „Take your hat off and let‟s have a sight at the looks of it.‟
Down rippled the brown cascade.
„Twenty dollars,‟ said Madam, lifting the mass with a practiced hand.

„Give it to me quick,‟ said Della.
Oh, and the next two hours went by on rosy wings. She was ransacking the stores for a suitable Christmas present for Jim.

A.1. Answer the given questions.
(i) Why was Della unhappy?
(ii) Describe the beauty of Della‟s hair in a few words.

A.2. Find the synonyms of :
(i) Spending money (ii) Move quickly in a round
(iii) Owning something (iv) Waterfall

Section – B (Writing Skill)

B.1. Thoughtless communal violence has left you perturbed. You are pained to see so much suffering. So many innocent lives are lost. One sad evening you make an entry in your diary expressing your feelings on the issue.

Section – D (Literature)

The Poles in Peril
D.1. How is global warming effecting these regions?
D.2. What is the significance of the winter of 2005 -2006?
D.3. How can disappearing ice effect wild life?

Make the correct word or phrase from the anagrams given. The meanings of the new word / phrase are given, and also the first letter of each word. 

Proverb Time
P.24. Loose lips sink ships. – Disclosing important information (to the enemy or a competitor) could result in large losses.
P.25. Need teaches a plan. – Necessity will make you find a solution.

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the passage given below :
Fashion Can Save Wild Animals
Many people love the luxury of a soft fur coat. But they don‟t always think where the fur comes from. Even today, when it is against the law to kill protected wild animals, some animals are still hunted for their skins. Tigers, leopards, others, young seals and alligators are all killed just to give somebody a coat, a rug, a pair of shoes or a belt.
More and more people are becoming concerned about the killing of thousands of animals for their fur. Some people have spoken and written so strongly on this subject that they have influenced fashion a great deal. As a result, these days fewer people care about the status value of fur coats. But there are still some people who will wear only real fur. So instead of hunting wild animals, people very have created special farms where they keep animals such as mink, whose fur is very expensive. They breed and kill them just for their fur. This still seems cruel to many people. When there are so many other ways of keeping warm, why kill animals at all?
If well-known people decide to follow a particular fashion, that fashion quickly becomes popular. In 1908 the English Queen announced that she did not want the ladies of the court to decorate their hats with egret feathers. Egrets are tall birds. Each year at nesting time, they grow long feathers on their backs. Because of the Queen‟s order, the ladies changed their hats! Soon women everywhere stopped wearing hats with egret feathers. So, because no egret feathers were wanted, the hunters stopped killing the birds. Egrets were no longer in danger. We now have shoes and bags in shops made of plastic, canvas and other man-made material instead of leather. We have soft coats which are made from fibres. We could all choose to buy these things. If we did, then many of our wild animals would be in less danger of extinction.

A.1. On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the following passage by writing suitable words / phrases. Write your answer in the answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
Many people like to wear fur coats. The fur for these coats comes from (i) ______________ Some people have shown great concern for the killing of animals for their fur and (ii) ______________ against the killing of animals, which has influenced fashion a great deal. Other, who continue to wear fur have stopped hunting wild animals and instead they have (iii) ______________ for animals. A fashion becomes popular when (iv) ______________ decides to follow it. The example of this is when (v) ______________ that the ladies of her court should not (vi) ______________. As a result hunters stopped killing egrets.

A.2. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, complete the following sentences as briefly as possible. Write your answer in the answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
Wild animals and birds are often killed for their (i) ______________ and ______________ (Mention any two things.) Some people still insist on wearing real fur because of its (ii) ______________ we can reduce the danger of extinction of wild animals by (iii) ______________ instead of leather and fur products. One animal hunted for its fur is (iv) ______________. Two animals hunted for their skin are (v) ______________ and ______________ (Mention any two). When hunters stopped hunting egrets, the bird (vi) ______________.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Take a look at these sentences. How are these sentences different?
• He wrote a letter.
• A letter was written by him.
In most sentences, the subject of the sentence is the doer of an action and the object of the sentence is the receiver of the action.
For example,
• Cats eat fish. (Cat –subject; fish-object)
• Rohan posted the letter. (Rohan-subject; letter-object) 

The verb that expresses that the action is carried out by the subject is said to be in the active voice. The active voice is used when the agent or the doer is to be made prominent.
However, in some sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb, for example,
• Fish are eaten by cats. (fish-subject; cats-object)
• The letter was posted by Rohan. (letter-subject; Rohan-object)

The verb that expresses what is done to the subject is said to be in the passive voice.
Voice is that form of the verb which indicates whether the subject is the doer of the action or something is being done to it.
See the following sentences in the active voice have been changed into passive voice without changing their meanings.
• The captain called the players. (active)
The players were called by the captain. (passive)
• He is painting a portrait. (active)

A portrait is being painted by him. (passive)
A transitive verb has two forms: Active voice and passive voice.
Eg: Rajan posted the letter. ( a.v)
The letter was posted by Rajan. (p.v)
Active voice: when an action is done by the subject or when the subject is the doer of the action, the verb is said to be in active voice.
Passive voice: when an action is being done upon the subject, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
Read these rules to be kept in mind when changing the voice of the verb from active to passive.
• The positions of the subject and the object of the verb are interchanged. The subject of the verb in the active voice is made the object of the verb in the passive voice.
• In the passive voice, the preposition by is added before the object.
• The number of the verb is changed according to the number and person of the subject.

NOTE 1
• If the active verb has two objects- one direct and the other indirect- either of them becomes the subject of the passive verb, and the other remains as an object of the
verb in the passive voice. The object that comes after the passive verb is called the retained object , for example,
• My father gave me a cycle. (active voice)
• I was given a cycle by my father. (passive voice)
• A cycle was given to me by my father. (passive voice)

• Active verbs followed by a preposition retain the preposition.
• The students laughed at the clown.
• The clown was laughed at by the students.

NOTE 2
We use the passive voice when –
• The person or thing acted upon is to be made prominent. The passive voice is thus preferred when the active form would involve the use of a vague pronoun or noun such as somebody, they, people, anybody, as the subject. For example,
• My book has been stolen. (Someone has stolen my book.)
• I was asked my identity. (They asked me my identity.)
• I have been invited to the conference. (Someone has invited me to the conference.)

• The doer is not known or when it is not intended to name him. For example,
• The victim was carried out.
• We wish to focus on the person or the thing acted upon rather than the doer or the agent. For example,
• The building was destroyed by lightning.
• When the subject in the active voice is implied from the context.
• He was fired from his job (by his employer).
• The city has been captured (by the enemy).

Change of tenses:

1. Simple present : V1 (s/es) – is / am /are + V3
Eg: He posts the letter. (a.v)
The letter is posted by him. (p.v)

2. Simple past : V2 – was/ were + V3
Eg: He posted the letter. (a.v)
The letter was posted by him. (p.v)

3. Simple future : will / shall + V1 – will /shall + be +V3
Eg: He will post the letter. (a.v)
The letter will be posted by him. (p.v)

4. Present continuous : is / am / are +V1 ing – is / am / are +being +V3
Eg: He is posting the letter. (a.v)
The letter is being posted by him. (p.v)

5. Past continuous : was / were +V1 ing – was/ were +being +V3
Eg: He was posting the letter. (a.v)
The letter was being posted by him. (p.v)

6. Future continuous : will / shall + V1 ing + be – no passive.
Eg: He will be posting the letter.

7. Present Perfect : has / have + V3 – has / have + been +V3
Eg: He has posted the letter. (a.v)
The letter has been posted by him. (p.v)

8. Past Perfect : had +V3 – had + been + V3
Eg : He had posted the letter. (a.v)
The letter had been posted by him. (p.v)

9. Future Perfect : will / shall +have +V3 – will / shall +have +been +V3
Eg: He will have posted the letter. (a.v)
The letter will have been posted by him. (p.v)

10. Present perfect continuous : has / have + been +V1 ing – no passive.
Eg: He has been posting the letter. (a.v)

11. Past perfect continuous : had + been +V1 ing – no passive.
Eg: He had been posting the letter. (a.v)

12. Future perfect continuous : will / shall + have +been + V1 ing – no passive.
Eg: He will have been posting the letter. (a.v)

• IMPERATIVE SENTENCES: In imperative sentence, the verb in the active voice is changed into passive voice by beginning the sentence with a word ‗ let‘ and by adding ‗be‘ with the past participle.
Example:
• Help the poor. (a.v)
Let the poor be helped. (p.v)
• Do this work. (a.v)
Let this work be done. (p.v)
When the imperative sentence is a request, we use, ‗you are requested‘ instead of please or kindly.
• Run home, please. (a.v)
You are requested to run home. (p.v)

• INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES : The character of the question sentences are retained in the passive voice.
Example :
• Are you doing your work? (a.v)
Is your work being done by you? (p.v)
• In interrogative sentences beginning with Who, What, Why:
Who – whom, but what + why are retained.
Examples:
• Who has broken the jug? (a.v)
By whom has the jug been broken? (p.v)
• Why are you wasting the time? (a.v)
Why is your time being wasted by you? (p.v)
• What are you doing here? (a.v)
What is being done by you here? (p.v)

NOTE:
Sometimes the subject in the active voice is vague or unknown, it remains unexpressed in the passive if ‗with‘, ‗by‘ is not needed:
Example:
• People speak English all over the world. (a.v)
English is spoken all over the world. (p.v)
• Someone has broken two of my dinner plates. (a.v)
Two of my dinner plates have been broken. (p.v)

Section – C (Grammar)

Active & Passive Voice
C.1. Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.
(i) Manners reveal character.
(ii) She dresses her children well.
(iii) Somebody stole my pen yesterday.
(iv) They made him captain.
(v) My uncle gave me a story book.

C.2. Convert the following sentences into Active Voice.
(i) He will be conquered by me.
(ii) The painter should be examined by a specialist.
(iii) He should not be suspected by them.
(iv) You may be cheated by him.
(v) The laws of the land must be obeyed by us.

In the sentences below, special names given to people have been mixed up. Write the correct names in the blanks. You may consult a dictionary.
(i) A sentinel carries golf clubs while providing advice to the golfer. __________
(ii) A swindler makes, trims and sells women‟s hats. ______________
(iii) An arbitrator supervises a groups of workers. ______________
(iv) A connoisseur keeps watch and gives warming of danger. ______________
(v) A plaintiff is a person who has good taste and judgment. ______________
(vi) A caddie makes money by cheating others. ______________
(vii) An overseer is qualified to prescribe and sell glasses and contact lenses. ______________
(viii) A milliner brings a legal case another in a court of law. ______________
(ix) An optician is appointed to settle disputes. ______________

Proverb Time

P.26. One man‟s meat is another man‟s poison. – People don‟t always like the same things. 
P.27. One swallow doesn‟t make a summer. – A single satisfactory event does not mean that all the others will be as good.

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the given passage:-
SEVEN STEPS TO MAKE WORK FUN

Success is never constant. We believe that success once earned should be permanent-but success should be constantly reviewed. Experts say there are seven ways to make hard word hard but enjoyable.
Firstly, one should think of work as a challenge and not a burden. W. Gardener states-doing something really well, however humble the task, is of greater value than undertaking a grandiose project and doing a mediocre job of it.
The second trait required to make work enjoyable is to approach whatever one is doing as if he is tackling it for the first time.
Thirdly, one should follow the „as if‟ principle. If work is converted into a game, it becomes enjoyable. Fourthly, one should keep track of progress towards present goals and take pride in accomplishments. To succeed in the long run, you need to give yourself a regular feed back and positive reinforcement.
Next, it is necessary to keep the end result in sight. During World War II, parachutes were being produced on a mass scale by women tailors who were spending hours over sewing machines doing the same dull, boring and tiring work; every day the chief incharge used to say, “Remember that your parachutes may be used by your husband, brother or son. Every stitch is a life saving operation.” The tailors understood and did their best.
Moreover, one should have a dynamic daily routine and should try to order and organise the day.
Order means setting up of an effective agenda.
Last but not the least, one should keep time for relaxation and exercise. The secret of success is to remember the victories and to forget the defeats. Remember, a unique achievement of the past rather that a whole panorama of failures.

A.1. Answer the following questions.
(i) Find out from the passage what is the most essential thing to be successful?
(ii) Why did the tailors do their best in stitching the parachutes during World War II?

A.2. Complete the following
(i) We can set up an organised life if _________________.
(ii) A regular feed back is essential _________________.
A.3. Find the synonym for ‗huge‘ _________________
A.4. Find the antonym for ‗always‘ _________________

Section – D (Literature)

After Twenty Years
D.1. Who is ‗Jimmy‘ and who is ‗Bob‘?
D.2. Who was better of the two and how?
D.3. ―Bob loved to live on a razor – edge, while Jimmy was a kind of plodder.‖ Prove the statement with instances from the story.
D.4. Why didn‘t Jimmy arrest Bob himself?
English is Fun- 11
Give one word for the following phrases. Choose your answers from the box.
panacea verbose fatal hypocrite extempore
philology notorious fastidious bombastic audience

(i) an assembly of listeners _________________.
(ii) hard to please _________________.
(iii) a speech without preparation _________________.
(iv) a man of evil reputation _________________.
(v) that which ends in death _________________.
(vi) a remedy for all diseases _________________.
(vii) a style full of difficult words _________________.
(viii) using or containing more words than required _________________.
(ix) the science of words and language _________________.
(x) a person who pretends to be what he is not _________________.

Proverb Time
P.28. Procrastination is the thief of time. – Delaying an action for too long is a waste of time.
P.29. Snug as a bug in a rug. – Feeling very comfortable.

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the passage carefully
Many, many years ago in North Africa there lived a Chief .He was very rich and had many wives and children, but he was not happy. He thought, “I have everything, but that does not make me happy. What must I do to be happy? I don‟t know.”
Once he said angrily to his servants, “Why can‟t I be happy? What must I do to be happy?”
One of his servants said, “Oh, my Chief! Look at the sky! How beautiful the moon and the stars are! Look at them, and you will see how good life is. That will make you happier.”
“Oh no, no, no!” the chief answered angrily.
“When I look at the moon and the stars I become angry, because I know I cannot get them.”
Then another servant said, “Oh my Chief! What about music? Music makes a man happy. We shall play to you from morning till night, and music will make you happy.”
The Chief‟s face became red with anger.
„Oh, no, no, no!‟ He cried, “What a silly idea. Music is fine, but to listen to music from morning till night, day after day? Never! No, never!”
So the servant went away, and the chief sat angrily in his rich room. Then one of the servants came back into the room and did a bow. “Oh my chief,” he said “but I think I can do something that will make you very happy.”
“What is it?” asked the chief.
“You must find a happy man, take off his shirt and put it on. Then his happiness will go into your body and you will be happy as he!”
“I like your idea,” said the Chief. He sent his soldiers all over the country to look for a happy man. They went on and on, but it was not easy to find a happy man in the Chief‟s country.
But one day the soldiers found a man in a small village who said, “I am the happiest man in the world.” He was poor, but he always smiled and sang. The soldiers brought him to the Chief. At last I shall be a happy man!” said the Chief and took off his shirt at once. “ Bring the man in!” The door of the Chief‟s room opened. A small dark man with a happy smile walked in. “Come here, my friend!” said the Chief. “Please take off your shirt!”
The little smiling man came up to the Chief. The Chief looked at him and saw-What did he see? The happy man, the happiest man in the world, had no shirt!

A.1. Answer the questions:
(i) „Then one of the servants came back.‟ What did he suggest to the Chief, to become happy?
(ii) At last the soldier found a happy man. Who was he?

A.2. Complete the following sentences:
(i) The Chief wanted
(ii) The moon and the stars irked the Chief because

A.3. Find the antonyms of:
(i) wise (ii) ugly
(iii) sad (iv) difficult

DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: Direct and Indirect

Direct Speech reports the exact words of the speaker.
e.g. -- She said, „I am going to Paris.‟---------------In this sentence the exact words of the speaker are reproduced and is put within inverted commas.
The verb introducing the actual words of the speaker is called the Reporting Verb .In the above example, the verb „said‟ is called the Reporting Verb.
Indirect Speech or Reported Speech reports what the speaker said without quoting his or her exact words.
e.g.-- She said that she was going to Paris.----------------Here the words of the speaker are reproduced in the past tense and are not within inverted commas.

GENERAL RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH (DS) INTO INDIRECT SPEECH (IS)
1. Change in PRONOUNS
a. The pronouns of the First Person in the direct speech change into the person and gender of the subject of the Reporting Verb in the indirect speech.
e.g.— He said,”I am not guilty.”(DS)
He said that he was not guilty.(IS)
b. The pronouns of the Second Person change into the person and gender of the Reporting Verb.
e.g.– He said to me,”You are right”(DS)
He told me that I was right.(IS)
c. The pronouns of the Third Person suffer no change.
e.g.– He said to her, “He is writing.”
He told her that he was writing.

2. Change in words and expressions of TIME and PLACE
The words and expressions showing nearness in time and place in the direct speech are changed into words and expressions showing distance.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Ago before
Just then
Now then
Here there
This that
These those
Today that day
Tonight that night
Yesterday the previous day/ the day before
Tomorrow the next day/ the
following day
Last night the previous night/the night before
The next day the following day
The last night the previous night
Next week the following week

A. Rules for changing of STATEMENTS into Indirect Speech
1. The conjunction THAT is generally used before the reported speech in the form of a statement.
2. If the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported

Speech is not changed at all.
e.g.----The lady says,”I am a good cook.”(DS)
The lady says that she is a good cook. (IS)
The trainer will say,”The children are ready for the tournament.”(DS)
The trainer will say that the children are ready for the tournament.(IS)
3. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the direct speech is hanged into the corresponding past form in the reported speech.
a. Simple present in the direct speech changes ---------TO------------- Simple past in the indirect .
The boy said.”I am ill”
The boy said that he was ill.
b. Present continuous in the direct speech changes --------TO-----------Past continuous in the indirect.
He said,” My mother is cooking food.”
He said that his mother was cooking food.
c. Present perfect in the direct speech changes---------TO----------Past perfect in the indirect.
They said, ”We have finished our homework.”
They said that they had finished their homework.

d. Present perfect continuous in the direct speech changes ------- TO----------Past perfect continuous in the indirect.
He said, ”I have been waiting here for a long time”
He said that he had been waiting there for a long time.
e. The Simple Past in the direct speech changes---------To--------- Past Perfect in the indirect.
He said, ”I bought a house in New Delhi.”
He said that he had bought a house in New Delhi.
f. The Past Perfect in the direct speech does not undergo any change in the indirect speech
He said,” I had a wonderful dream last night”
He said that he had a wonderful dream the previous night.
g. The Past continuous in the direct speech changes ------TO------- Past perfect continuous in the indirect.
He said,” Ashok was swimming in the pool.”
He said that Ashok had been swimming in the pool.

B. Rules for changing QUESTIONS into Indirect
1. The Reporting Verb is changed into asked, inquired, demanded, wondered, etc.
2. The word THAT is NEVER USED before a question in the indirect form.
3. When an interrogative sentence is introduced by an Auxiliary verb[ have, has, may, do, did, are, were, will ,etc.]in the direct speech and the answer to these questions is either YES or NO, then if or whether is used after such reporting
verb in the indirect speech.
4. All the questions beginning with interrogative words like-----how, why, where, who, which, when, etc .do not take the word if or whether.
5. The question mark is dropped in the indirect speech.
e.g.-----I said to him, ”Is your brother at home?”
I asked him if his brother was at home.
The teacher asked me, ”What is your name?”
The teacher asked me what my name was.
She asked me,”Why did you insult me in the presence of my husband?”
She demanded of me why I had insulted her in the presence of her husband.

C. Rules for changing IMPERATIVE SENTENCES(commands, requests and suggestions) into indirect.
1. The reporting verb is changed into ----- request, command, beg, entreat, order, advise ,threaten, etc.
2. The verb in the reported speech is put into the infinitive .
e.g.---He said to the students,” Do not make noise”
He forbade the students not to make noise.
“Shoot the prisoner,” said the tyrant.
The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoner.
He said, “Please give me another chance”
He begged them to give him another chance.

3. When LET in the direct speech expresses a proposal or suggestion, we use should for let and change the reporting verb into propose or suggest. But when LET does
not express proposal it should be changed into might or might be
allowed or into some other form according to the sense.
He said to me,‖ Let us go home.‖
He proposed or suggested to me that we should go home.
He said, ―Let me come in.‖
He requested that he might be allowed to come in.
He said,‖ Let me have some milk.‖
He wished that he might have some milk.

D. Rules for changing EXCLAMATIONS into indirect
1. The reporting verb is changed into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/ regret/ delight, etc or any other verb that properly conveys the tone of the exclamation.
2. The exclamatory sentence is changed into an assertive one in the indirect speech.
He said,” What a fine bird it is!”
He exclaimed that it was a fine bird.
Alas! ------------exclaimed with sorrow
Hurrah!---------exclaimed with joy/ happiness
Ah!---------------exclaimed with delight
Oh!--------------exclaimed with regret
Ouch!-----------exclaimedwith pain
e.g. She said,” Hurrah! We have won the match.”
She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match
The captain said to the goalkeeper,”Bravo! Well done!”
The captain applauded the goalkeeper .

E. EXCEPTIONS
1. If the direct speech consists of any universal truth or an established /habitual fact, its tenses remain unchanged in the indirect speech.
e.g.---The teacher told the class,” The sun is a star.”
The teacher told the class that the sun is a star.

Section – C (Grammar)
C.1. Convert the given sentences into Indirect Speech.
(i) “Bring me a glass of water”, said the headman to worker.
(ii) “Sit down, boys” said the teacher.
(iii) My mother said to me, “Do not gobble the food.”
(iv) Alice said, “What a beautiful sight it is!”
(v) “You have all done well”, remarked the officer.
(vi) He asked Rama to go with him.
(vii) Rama replied that he could not do so.
(viii) I told him that we needed to meet soon.
(ix) An old mouse asked who can bell the cat.
(x) John said he wanted to be a commercial pilot.

Section – D (Literature)

Imagination

D.1. ―I had a vivid imagination"
(i) Who is „I‟ here?
(ii) What all did he imagine?

D.2. ―Then I grew up
my childish world at an end."
(i) Who is „I‟ here? Name the person.
(ii) His „childish world‟ consisted of what?

D.3. What do you think the poem is about?
English is Fun- 12
Here is a game based on anagrams. Some variation have been introduced to make it more interesting and sharpen your word-building skills.
First study the examples.
* only rearrange letters
editing = set fire (past tense) Answer : ignited

* add a letter
overeat + n = to make new Answer : renovate
* subtract a letter
caper – r = step Answer : pace

Now solve the following carefully. You may refer to a thesaurus or a dictionary for help.
(i) voter – v = memorise r_____t_____
(ii) refining = violate i_____f_____ _____ng_____
(iii) counters = interpret c_____n_____t_____ _____e
(iv) drive + t = to redirect d_____v_____ _____t
(v) dieter + u = learned e_____ _____d_____ _____e
(vi) lines + a = salty s_____l_____ _____ _____
(vii) scale + o = consolation s_____ _____a_____e
(viii) bromide – e = gloomy m_____ _____b_____ _____
(ix) entrails – r = most important s_____l_____ _____ _____t
(x) mailing – i = to insult m_____l_____ _____n

Proverb Time
P.30. Stolen fruit is the sweetest. – What is forbidden is the most tempting.
P.31. The darkest hour is just before dawn. – There is hope even in the worst of times. 

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the passage carefully.
THOSE WHO PROVIDE US COMFORTS

People are seldom aware that their comfortable living depends upon the work of several thousands of persons. Consider the number of things we require to prepare a cup of tea such as clean drinking water, tea, sugar, milk, gas, burner, pot, crockery, strainer, spoon and so on.
Consider first the supply of clean drinking water. In large cities this is rendered possible because of the construction of huge reservoirs at great cost and regular maintenance of the water supply system by hundreds of workers.
Tea is grown in distant plantation and made available to the consumers through a vast network employing hundreds of workers. Consider further the machinery required for sugar mills. The production of this machinery involves a long chain of processes and operations-mining of coal and iron, ore, manufacture of steel and machine tools, in which thousands of workers are employed. The same arguments holds good with regard to the supply of milk. The production of other items such as gas, burner, crockery, spoons, requires the service of hundreds of workers. And recall how agitated we are if the milk van is late in the morning may be because its tire has burst on the way. This may be due to its poor maintenance or bad conditions of the roads.
A good cup of tea indeed thus represents the work several thousands of persons do.

A.1. On the basis of your reading of the above passage complete the following paragraph.
Our life style is comfortable not just because of our hard work but ________ Clean drinking water is available because of ____________ and because many workers ___________. Sugar mills are dependent on _____________ which in turn dependent on ___________ of steel and machines tools which are run by ____________. The cause of the delay of the milk van be ______________.

A.2. Find the antonyms for:-
(i) Often
(ii) Near by

A.3. Hunt for the synonyms of :-
(i) Manufacturing
(ii) Many

Section – B (Writing)

B.1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper drawing attention to the insanitary condition of the City Bazaar.
English is Fun- 13
Figure out the relation suggested and fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
(i) An artist is to drawing as a sculptor is to a s______________.
(ii) Hope is to optimism as d______________ is to pessimism.
(iii) Copper is to metal as teak is to w______________.
(iv) Carpenter is to workshop as blacksmith is to f______________.
(v) Impenetrable is to forest as navigable is to r______________.
(vi) Hunger is to food as thirst is to w______________.
(vii) Lawyer is to law as sailor is to s______________.
(viii) P______________ is to writer as sword is to soldier.
(ix) C______________ is to horse as cub is to lion.
(x) Goose is to geese as passerby is to p______________.

Proverb Time
P.33. The die is cast. – A decision has been made and it‟s impossible to change it.
P.34. The tongue wounds more than a lance. – Insults can be more hurtful than physical injuries.

Section – A (Reading)

A. Read the following passage carefully:
Thomas Alva Edison, the generator of electricity was born in Milan, Ohio (America) on Feb 11 1847.Though he had become the greatest inventor of the world, he had received little or no formal education. His mother, a teacher, herself started educating him. The result was astonishing. He began to learn many subjects with unusual eagerness.
When 12, he began to look for a job. He became a member of the public library of Detroit. He began reading books on various subjects. The most interesting subject for him was Chemistry. He made up his mind to be a chemist. He also got interested in telegraphy.
When 22, he went to New York where he reached Gold Reporting Telegraph Company in search of a job. Work there had been disrupted because the telegraph equipment had broken down. Edison volunteered to set it right and did so in a few minutes only. His salary was fixed at $ 300 per month.
Soon he was recognised not only as the greatest inventor of telegraphy but also as a great scientist in electrical science. Later he left his job and set up a laboratory and workshop at New Jersey, New York. Then he shifted to Menlo Park to pursue his scientific pursuits regarding electric bulb. There he announced that he was celebrating New Year‟s Eve with a festival of lights .About 3000 people assembled and what did they witness? Dazzling lights turned the dark night into a luminous day just at the touch of a switch.

A.1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What helped Edison earn a pay cheque of $300 per month?
(ii) How was it a special New Year eve for everyone?

A.2. Complete the following
(i) Edison can be called the _________ of electricity.
(ii) His mother was a _____________ by profession.

A.3. (i) Find a synonym for „different‟.
(ii) Find an antonym for „dull‟.

Section – D (Literature)

The last stonemason
D.1. Salim wanted to learn the art of the stone mason because
(i) He has practice the art for 2 years and wanted to be a stone mason.
(ii) He wanted to help the old man.
(iii) He wanted to teach Gopal a lesson.
(iv) He wanted to earn money.

D.1. Salim wanted to learn the art of the stone mason because
(i) He has practice the art for 2 years and wanted to be a stone mason.
(ii) He wanted to help the old man.
(iii) He wanted to teach Gopal a lesson.
(iv) He wanted to earn money.

D.2. ―Times have changed. The stone masons work has changed too."
(i) Who is the speaker and whom is the talking to?
(ii) How has the stone mason‟s work changed?
(iii) What according to the speaker is a better job option than that of a stone mason?

D.3. Why was Gopal not happy being a stone mason?
D.4. What reason did his father give in order to convince him to continue the work of a stone mason?

Proverb Time
P.35. Time is money. – Time is valuable and should not be wasted.
P.36. Unwillingness easily finds an excuse. – A person who doesn‟t want to do something always finds a reason to avoid it.
P.37. Worry often gives a small thing a big shadow. – Worrying over small details can make them seem worse.

Section - A (Reading)

A. Read the following passage carefully and the questions.
Our opportunities are great but let me warn you that power outstrips ability, we‟ll fall on evil days. We should develop competence and ability, which would help us to utilize the opportunities which are now open to us. From tomorrow morning-from midnight today-we can‟t throw the blame on the British. We have to assume the responsibility for ourselves for what we do. A free India will be judged by the way in which it will serve the interests of the common man in the matter of food, clothing, shelter and social activities. Unless we destroy corruption in high places and root out every trace of nepotism, love of power, profiteering and black marketing which have spoiled the good name of this country in recent times, we will not be able to raise the standards of efficiency in administration as well as in the production and distribution of the necessary goods of life.

A.1. Given below is the summary of the passage above. Based on your reading of the passage fill in the blanks appropriately using the information given.
Dr. Radhakrishnan said that Independence would give (i) _____________ to make great progress. In order to (ii) ______________we must develop our abilities and skill and assume responsibility (iii) ______________. We (iv) _____________Corruption, nepotism and black marketing. Only then (v) the standard of our people. (vi) ______________ is greater than our ability to handle it, we will face great trouble. The world (vii) free India (viii) __________ take care of its common people.

Section – B (Writing)
B.1. Write a E-mail to your friend in about 75-80 words on ‗Importance of English language in today‘s world‘.

Section – C (Grammar)
C.1. State which of the following sentences is Compound and which is Complex.
(i) I went because I was invited.
(ii) Man proposes but God disposes.
(iii) He rushed into the field.
(iv) Listen carefully and take notes.
(v) They serve God well who serve His creatures.

C.2. Rewrite the following sentences by changing their Voice.
(i) He was praised by his father.
(ii) I have sold my bicycle.
(iii) The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
(iv) He kept me waiting.
(v) Those cans were built by robots.

C.3. Rewrite the following sentences by changing their Speech.
(i) The teacher said to him, “Do not read so fast.”
(ii) “Call the first witness”, said the judge.
(iii) He said to me, “Wait until I come.”
(iv) She said to me, “What are you doing?”

C.4. In the following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error and write your correction in the space provided.
Sakhlani made the idea of planting trees in 1948, after he lost his (i) ___________
brother, who had began planting trees just before he passed away. (ii) ___________
Beginning by planting across on a barren path near to his home in (iii) ___________
a remote Garhwal village, Sakhlani gradually moves further afield (iv) ___________
and over the last 48 years Sakhlani, now 74 have covered over (v) ___________
100 hectares of land full with trees-chiefly oak, cedar and walnut. (vi) ___________
Sakhlani‟s labour of love has not only made him a more happier (vii) ___________
man, he‟s brought back life for the Himalayan hillside, once (viii) __________
denuded to indiscriminate felling of trees and quarrying.

A.1. Complete the following:

(i) According to the author the main goal of education is _______________

(ii) Gamesters‟ tend to call academically sound students bookworms because ______________.

(iii) The two qualities that we can acquire through playing games are

(a) ______________ (b) ______________

A.2. Pick and write the phrases which indicate the importance of academic achievement.

A.3. Find out a word from the passage which means the same as
(i) a companion who shares one‟s activities ______________
(ii) developed ______________

A.4. Match the woods with its correct meaning.
Cultivated Belittle
Perspective Understanding of importance
Disparage Developed

Section – B (Writing)
B.1. Write an e-mail to your cousin in reply to the pictures of his trek sent by him.
B.2. You are Abha/ Abhinav. Write an e-mail to your friend advising him/ her about which websites to avoid and why.

MODALS AND AUXILIARIES

Auxiliary is a helping verb. In a sentence an auxiliary is always used with another verb. There are two types of auxiliary verbs:-
Primary auxiliary: words „be‟, „have‟ and „do‟ are called primary auxiliaries. The forms of „be‟ are „is‟, „am‟, „are‟, „were‟. The forms of „have‟ are „have‟, „has‟, „had‟. The forms of „do‟ are „do‟,‟ does‟ and „did‟.
Modal auxiliary: The words „can‟, „could‟, „may‟, „might‟, „shall‟, „should‟, „must‟, „will‟, „would‟, „used‟, „need‟, „dare‟, „ought‟ express attitudes like permission, possibility etc. Modal auxiliaries are also called modals. They do not change their forms.

Can and Could
Can usually suggests potential or ability.
Eg:- Ram can take you to the airport.
Eg:- Can you lift this?
Can is also used to indicate permission.
Eg:- You can join from tomorrow.
Could is used to ask a polite question.
Eg:- Could you help me solve the sum?
Could is used as the past tense of can in indirect speech.
Eg:- Toto said, „I can help you.‟
Toto said that he could help me.
Could is used to indicate ability in the past.
Eg:- He could sing well once upon a time.

May and Might
May is usually used to request permission formally.
Eg:- May I use your eraser?
May is also used to express a wish.
Eg:- May you always enjoy goodluck!
May is used to indicate possibility.
Eg:- There may be some rain this evening.
May suggests a weak possibility and might suggests a very weak possibility in the future.
Eg:- The match schedule may be announced next Monday.
We might return sooner than expected.

Shall, Should, Will, Would
Shall is usually used in the first person and will in the second and third person.
Eg:- I shall be pleased to visit you.
You will agree with me.
Shall is used in the second and third person to express a command, a promise or even a threat.
Eg:- He shall not work here again. ( threat )
You shall be rewarded. (promise)
Shall is used in interrogative sentences with the first person to indicate an offer or a suggestion.
Eg:- Shall I carry these books for you?
Will is used to express a decision or a choice.
Eg:- I will do the cooking today.
Will is used to indicate a habit.
Eg:- He will go swimming as usual.
Will is used in interrogative sentences to suggest an invitation.
Eg:- Will you go on a holiday with us?
In clauses starting with if, should is used to express a supposition that may not be true.
Eg:- If it should rain, the match will be called off.
Should is used to ask for and give suggestion or advice, to talk about duty and obligation, and to say what is right or good.
Eg:- You should not raise your voice.
How much money should I carry with me?
Would is more polite than will. It is used to make polite requests.
Eg:- Would you mind repeating what you just said?
Would you speak a bit slowly?
I would like a glass of water, please.

Must and ought
Must expresses necessity or obligation.
Eg:- We must remember this.
Must can express fixed determination.
Eg:- I must have an opportunity to do what I wish.
Must and ought also express certainty or strong possibility.
Eg:- He must have forgotten about the invitation.
We ought to strike this deal.
Ought is used to expresse moral obligation or desirability.
Eg:- We ought to try hard.

Used
It is used to indicate discontinued habit.
Eg:- She used to learn ballet.
Need
It denotes necessity or obligation. It is commonly used in negatives and interrogatives.
Eg:- He need not give up tennis.
Need I help him?
Need can also be used to denote requirement or desire.
Eg:- I do not need your help.

Dare
Dare as a modal auxiliary means „be bold enough‟.
It is commonly used in interrogative and negative sentences.
Eg:- How dare she say this?
Dare can also be used to indicate a challenge.
Eg:- I dare you to eat all the food on the table.

ADDITIONAL NOTES

1. Note: Can, May and could are used for asking for permission. However the difference is:
• Can is direct, informal, friendly (used among friends, close relations etc.).
• May is very formal, friendly (used by people in a subordinate position).
• Could is less direct more polite than can. (often used for strangers, or for people not intimately known)

2. Note: May, might, could all indicate possibility.
• May suggests a good possibility+++.
• Might suggests a weak possibility++.
• Could suggests a still weaker possibility+.

3. Note: „Must‟, „have to‟ both express necessity or compulsion. However, there is a slight difference between „must‟ and „have to‟.
• In „must‟ the authority comes from the speaker.
• In „have to‟ the authority comes from outside the speaker.
Example: You must be in your seat by 6. (I insist)
You have to be in your seat by 6. (That‟s the rule)
Example: My back pain is getting worse.
I must go and see the doctor. (I think it necessary)
I have to see my doctor this evening. (There is an appointment)

Section – C (Grammar

Modals
C.1. Choose the correct alternative:
(i) I don‟t think I (Should, can, will) be able to go.
(ii) He (shall, will) not pay unless he is compelled.
(iii) You (should, must, ought) to pay your debt.
(iv) They (mustn‟t, needn‟t, won‟t) light a match; the room is full of gas.

C.2. Rewrite each of these sentences, using a Modal:
(i) Perhaps we will go to Shimla next month.
(ii) It is not necessary for you to wash the car.
(iii) I am certain that they have left already.
(iv) Do you allow me to use your phone?

C.3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Modals:
(vi) Our dreams_____________ be realized only through perseverance, faith and determination. Nothing is impossible in this world which a man
_____________ achieve. As long as we are alive we _____________ face the ups downs of life manfully. Rather than sitting & waiting for the result to come, one _____________ keep on working hard without worrying for the outcome.
(vii) Lives of great men & heroes teach us that we too _____________ succeed in our life if we make the most of ourselves & circumstances. Apart from conceiving great thoughts, we _____________ also have a desire & will to put them into action. When some difficulty arises, we __________ accept the challenge. It was due to this willpower that Raja Harishchandra, a crusader of truth, underwent numerous sufferings & still came out a winner. In other words, success is not reserved for the successful only, it _____________ be achieved by anyone who wills to have it.

C.4. Fill in the blanks using Conjunctions given in the box.
But, neither, nor, what, but, otherwise, when, that
(i) ______________ I was a small girl, my grandpa used to tell me the story of the honest woodcutter. (ii) ______________ these days situations have totally changed (iii) ______________ do we have honest wood-cutters (iv) _______________ such gods. By saying this I don‟t mean (v) _______________ it does not pay to be honest. (vi) _______________ used to be a virtue in the past has become a crime today. People have become callous, selfish and feelingless, (vii) _______________ still we have to make efforts to curb these vices. (viii) _______________ the world will be doomed and we will be left nowhere.

Section – D (Literature)

Advia
D.1. Pooja na her brother were so oppressed by the sight of the wild rocky mountain side that-
(i) They found the entire place unbearable.
(ii) They thought it to be a perfect hiding place for dacoits.
(iii) They decided to explore the mountains.
(iv) They both started crying.

D.2. ―I haven‘t been long enough in Afghanistan to comment on that.
(i) Who is the speaker?
(ii) What did the speaker not want to comment on?
(iii) What according to the speaker was the nature of the people of Afghanistan?

D.3. Why did Pooja and her family take the two men to be dacoits?
English is Fun- 5
Observe the highlighted words in the sentence below.
* The rest of him is muscle and sinew.
Choose the correct meaning of the twin words given below, from the box.
acquaintances and relatives very nervous disorder and confusion
young days material benefits great activity
uninterrupted vigilance with all power very thin
says something and does another thing
(i) skin and bones
(ii) watch and ward
(iii) play fast and loose
(iv) pins and needles loaves and fishes
(v) kith and kin
(vi) sixes and sevens
(vii) hustle and bustle
(viii) green and salad days
(ix) loaves and fishes
(x) tooth and nail

Proverb Time
P.14. You scratch my back and I scratch yours – You help me and I will help you
P.15. Facts speak louder than words. – People show what they are really like by what they do, rather than by what they say.

THIS IS MY PRAYER TO THEE 

My Vocabulary
1. Pray            6. Service
2. Penury       7. Disown
3. Sorrows     8. Mighty
4. Bear          9. Knees
5. Fruitful     10. Surrender 

Question. Who does the poet pray to in this poem?
Ans- The poet prays to God.

Question. What penury does the poet talk of?
Ans- The penury in his heart.

Question. How does the poet want to bear his joys and sorrows?
Ans- He wants to bear his joys and sorrows lightly.

Question. How does the poet think his love can be fruitful?
Ans- His love can be fruitful in service.

Question. Who does the poet want never to disown?
Ans- He wants never to disown the poor.

Question. How will the poet react to those who are mighty and rude?
Ans- He will not bend his knees before them.

Question. What will the poet’s attitude to wards daily trifles?
Ans- He will try to rise above the daily trifles.

Question. To whom does the poet want to surrender and how?
Ans- The poet wants to surrender to God’s will with love.

Question. What is the name of the poem and the poet?
Ans- Poem- This is my prayer to thee

Section – A (Reading)

School of Fantasy

I am a boy from a very nice school

And you‟ll see why its so cool

There are no teachers but just books

More than books it has good looks

You get many prizes

In different sizes

It all depends on your will

And most of all on your skill

All this and more

Is really in store

For all the rest

As this school is the best

There are no examinations

All they want is your imagination

Your many creations

Are their expectations

I am having such an experience

In this superb institution

I like to share it with you all

This place is so nice

It‟s just a kid‟s paradise

A.1 Complete the summary of the poem:

Rachit‟s school of (i) ______________ is very interesting. It‟s a (ii) ______________ school because it lacks (iii) ______________ but is rich in books and (iv) ______________. A student here can (v) ______________ many prizes depending on his (vi) ______________ and (vii) ______________ The only qualification required here is (viii) ______________. The best thing is that you don‟t have to sit for any (ix) ______________. This superb institution just wants you to be (x) ______________.

A.2 Answer the following:

(i) The poet used several expressions to say that school is very good e.g. a very nice school. Find out two others in the poem.

(a) _______________ (b) _______________