NCERT Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

Question. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.
(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for industry.
(d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.
Answer : B

Question. In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually?
(a) Capitalist
(b) Mixed
(c) Socialist
(d) None
Answer : A

Question. Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?
(a) Cottage Industries
(b) Small-scale Industries
(c) Basic Industries
(d) Footloose Industries
Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles
(b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka
(c) Aircraft industry … Florence
(d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh
Answer : D

Question. Which of these industries is located close to the source of raw materials?
(a) Cement
(b) Cotton
(c) Aircraft
(d) Diamond cutting
Answer : A

Question. When many industries are concentrated in a particular region to share factors of production, it is termed as
(a) flexibility
(b) joint sector
(c) professionalisation
(d) agglomeration economies
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is/are characteristics of technopolies?
(a) Regional concentration of high-tech industries.
(b) Presence of highly specialised industries.
(c) Presence of self-sustaining industries.
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. Manufacturing is associated with which of the following?
(a) Raw materials
(b) Local market
(c) Global market
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Arrange the following centres of iron and steel industry in sequence from north to South direction.
I. Bokaro
II. Rourkela
III. Bhilai
IV. Jamshedpur
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) I, IV, II, III
(c) IV, II, III, I
(d) I, III, IV, II
Answer : B

Question. Arrange the following leading producers of iron and steel in sequence from North to South direction.
I. Germany
II. UK
III. France
IV. Belgium
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) II, I, IV, III
(c) IV, III, II, I
(d) III, I, IV, II
Answer : B

Question. Match the following correctly.
List I (Industrial Region)     List II (Location)
A. Great Lakes Region          1. Ukraine
B. Krivoi Rog                         2. China
C. Shanghai                          3. North America
D. Dortmund                         4. Europe
Codes
      A B C D 
(a) 3 2 1 4
(b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 1 3 2 4
(d) 1 2 3 4
Answer : B

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Case Based MCQs

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.

The existence of a market for manufactured goods is the most important factor in the location of industries. ‘Market’ means people who have a demand for these goods and also have the purchasing power (ability to purchase) to be able to purchase from the sellers at a place.
Remote areas inhabited by a few people offer small markets. The developed regions of Europe, North America, Japan and Australia provide large global markets as the purchasing power of the people is very high. The densely populated regions of South and South-East Asia also provide large markets. Some industries, such as aircraft manufacturing, have a global market. The arms industry also has global markets.
Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar and cement industries. Perishability is a vital factor for the industry to be located closer to the source of the raw material. Agro-processing and dairy products are processed close to the sources of farm produce or milk supply respectively.

Question. Market is associated with which of the following?
(a) Buyer
(b) Seller
(c) Finished goods
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following regions are considered as the prosperous regions in the world?
(a) Europe
(b) Japan
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is an example of industries having worldwide markets?
(a) Aircraft industry
(b) Iron and steel industry
(c) Arms industry
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following agro-based products are processed close to the sources of farm produce?
(a) Sugar
(b) Edible oil
(c) Fruit Jam
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

High technology, Or simply high-tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is best understood as the application of intensive Research and Development (R and D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character. Professional (white collar) workers make up a large share of the total workforce. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue collar) workers. Robotics on the assembly line, Computer -aided Design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.

Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes.

High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies.
The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon
Forest near Seattle are examples of technopolies. Are some technopolies developing in India?
Manufacturing contributes significantly to the world economy. Iron and steel, textiles, automobiles, petrochemicals and electronics are some of the world’s most important manufacturing industries.

Question. What is meent by technopolies? Also give its example.
Answer : Technopolies is the term given to high-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised.
Examples of technopolies are Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle.

Question. Which characteristics make the high-tech industry an important industry in the world?
Answer : The following characteristics make the high- tech industry an important industry in the world
- High-tech industry is the latest generation of manufacturing activities.
- These industries are based on research and development. Thus, they use modern technologies like internet, GIS system, Remote Sensing Technique and so on.

Question. What is the suitable criteria for setting up of High-tech industry in a region? Give examples of high-tech industry.
Answer : Suitable criteria for the setting up of High-tech industry is
- Neatly spaced areas
- Low, modern, dispersed office-plant-lab buildings
- It does not need massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas
Examples of High-tech industry are Robotics on the assembly line and Computer-aided Design (CAD).

Write a short note on the following in about 30 words. 

Question. High-Tech industry
Answer : High-tech industry, the latest generation of manufacturing activities, is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character. Highly skilled white-collar workers greatly outnumber the actual production workers. Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes are notable examples. 

Question. Manufacturing
Answer : Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’ including goods ‘made by machines’. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets.

Question. Footloose industries
Answer : Foot loose industries are not dependent on any specific raw material or weight losing rather largely depend on the component parts which can be obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantity with a small labour force employed. These are not polluting industries with accessibilty by road network being an important factor of location.

Answer the following in not more than 150 words.

Question. Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.
Answer : 

Question. Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world.
Answer : Modern industrial activities involve the application of power, mass production of identical products and specialised labour in factory settings for the production of standardised commodities.
Some major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries are:
• Specialisation of Skills of Production: Mass production involves production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly.
• Mechanisation: Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks. Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation. Automatic factories with feedback and closedloop computer control systems where machines are developed to ‘think’, have sprung up all over the world.
• Technological Innovation: Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution.
Modern manufacturing is characterised by:
(i) a complex machine technology
(ii) extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs
(iii) vast capital
(iv) large organisations
(v) executive bureaucracy.

Question. Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.
Answer : High-tech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing activities and best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
Neat and low spaced, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes. High-tech industries are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialized. The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are such examples where manufacturing contributes significantly to the world economy.
Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, constant development of new chemical, etc. are a few other notable examples.

Question. Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent. Comment.
Answer : The continent of Africa is very rich in natural resources such as crude oil, copper, coal, manganese but they are still backward because:
• Colonial Exploitation: African countries remained under foreign rules who exploited the natural resources for their own benefits rather than developing industries and infrastructure.
• Lack of Human Resources: The continent lack good institutions and thus the people are not well educated and skilled. The utilization of natural resources demands human resources.
• Civil Wars: The civil wars in the countries of Africa are frequent. There is mass scale corruption in the governments of the African countries which hinder the growth of countries.
• Lack of technological development: The countries of Africa are technologically very poor. The exploration and extraction of natural resources could not be possible without technology.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Short Answer Type Questions

Question. State three points about the process of mechanisation in modern large scale manufacturing industry.
Answer : The process of mechanisation in modern large scale manufacturing industries is
(i) Mechanisation refers to using gadgets to accomplish tasks. For example, powerlooms in textile has led to higher production levels.
(ii) The advanced stage of mechanisation is automation that refers to completion of tasks without the aid of humans thinking during the manufacturing process.
(iii) There are automatic factories with feedback and closed loop computer control systems where machines are developed to think. These kinds of mechanised processing units have found all over the world.

Question. Explain any five characteristics of high-tech industries in the World. 
Answer : The characteristics of high-tech industries are
(i) There is production of advanced scientific and engineering products with the use of intensive Research and Development (R and D).
(ii) The workforce in these industries consists of highly skilled specialist workforce. These are professional workers (white collar workers).
(iii) These industries use robotics, computer aided designs, and other highly advanced technologies.
(iv) These industries are self-sustained and highly specialised.
(v) Sometimes, these industries concentrate regionally to form technopolis e.g. Silicon Valley.

Question. Explain how distance is the most important factor in determining the location of industries.
Answer : Distance is the most important factor in determining the location of industries because
- Access to market for the products of industry depends upon the distance between the location of industry and the nearby market.
- Distance between the site of raw material and industry influences the location of industry.
- Heavy industries depend upon power sources. Hence, they are located close to the sources of power.
- Efficient transportation system, which can travel large distances in short time is essential for the development of industries.

Question. How does access to market affect the location of industries?
Answer : Access to a market for manufactured goods is the most important factor in the location of industries in the following ways
- Market is a place where there are consumers who have a demand for the manufactured goods as well as purchasing power (ability to purchase).
- People come to market to buy the products needed by them. Whereas manufactures, shopkeepers, etc want to sell their finished goods in exchange of money in the market.
- The size of markets also affects the location of industries. The places which have fewer people, have small size markets. Thus, industries do not prefer to establish their units in such area. On the other hand those, places which are densely populated, have large size regular markets as per the needs and wants of the people. These are the places where industries usually want to prefer to locate their manufacturing units is order to have accers to these markets.

Question. State the importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country.
Answer : The importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country is
- Manufacturing industries process the raw material into useful goods and products essential for consumption in a country.
- It adds value to a product and improves its quality that is essential for creating diversified products.
- Manufacturing sector creates jobs and provides employment to the people.
- Other industries such as service industry is also dependent upon the manufacturing sector.
- Urbanisation and social development of a region are also supported by the manufacturing sector.

Question. Explain any five characteristics of ‘large scale manufacturing’ in the world. 
Answer : The characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing industries are
(i) Modern large scale industrial processes consist of multiple complex activities to run the industries.
(ii) The specialised and skilled labour is required in the modern manufacturing industries. Thus, skilled manpower is employed.
(iii) These industries widely use huge power to run the heavy machines in the production process.
(iv) For the quality control, special measures are taken in these type of industries.
(v) Products of large-scale industries are sold in local as well as international markets.

Question. Differentiate between agro-based industries and mineral based industries in the world.
Answer : The differences between agro-based industries and mineral-based industries are

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Differentiate between cottage and large scale industries.
Answer : Differences between cottage and large scale industries are

Question. Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres. (NCERT)
Answer : High-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres because
- Periphery of metropolitan areas have open spaces which are neat and clean as compared to core areas. It is suitable for setting up high-tech firms.
- Business parks are planned and developed by the governments at the periphery, which has free spaces as opposed to the congested core areas.
- In the peripheral areas, there is connectivity with the major roads and highways whereas the core is congested with heavy traffic.
- High tech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing industries. These involve the application of intensive research and development for manufacturing scientifically advance and engineered products.
It requires modern set-ups which are neatly spaced having low and dispersed buildings. This can be planned in the peripheral areas as large land is available in peripheral areas of metropolitans

Question. Write a short note on iron and steel industries and their distribution in the world.
Answer : Iron and steel industry is a basic industry which provides raw material to other industries such as machine tools, used for further production. It is complex and capital intensive in nature. The distribution of iron and steel industries in the world is
l North America In North America, most of the production of iron and steel comes from North Appalachian Region, Great Lakes region and the Atlantic coast of USA. The important industries centres include Pittsburgh, Chicago, Lorain, Cleveland, Buffalo, Sparrows Point and Morisville. It also extends towards the Southern State of Alabama.
l Europe In Europe, the major producers of Iron and Steel are UK, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Russia. Important centres are
– UK Scun Thorpe, Port Talbot, Birmingham
– Germany Duisburg, Dortmund, Essen
– France Le Creusot, St. Ettinne
– Russia St. Petersburgh, Moscow
– Ukraine Krivoi Rog, Donetsk
l Asia The major producers in Asia are Japan, China, India.
The important centres are
– Japan Nagasaki, Yokohama
– China Shanghai, Wuhan
– India Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro, etc.