NCERT Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources MCQs

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

Question. In which one of the following States are the major oil fields located?
(a) Assam
(b) Bihar
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer : A

Question. At which one of the following places was the first atomic power station started?
(a) Kalpakkam
(b) Narora
(c) Rana Pratap Sagar
(d) Tarapur
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following minerals is known as brown diamond?
(a) Iron
(b) Lignite
(c) Manganese
(d) Mica
Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following is non-renewable source of energy?
(a) Hydel
(b) Solar
(c) Thermal
(d) Wind power
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following minerals is known as brown diamond?
(a) Iron
(b) Lignite
(c) Manganese
(d) Mica
Answer : B

Question. Which of these is a market based oil refinery?
(a) Digboi
(b) Koyali
(c) Barauni
(d) Tatipaka
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is not an example of renewable source of energy?
(a) Wind power
(b) Solar power
(c) Hydel power
(d) Thermal power
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Odisha – Kiruburu iron ore mine
(b) Chhattisgarh – Durg iron ore mine
(c) Karnataka – Kurnool iron ore mine
(d) Maharashtra – Chandrapar iron ore mine
Answer : C

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options
I. Minerals support industrial development of a country.
II. Minerals provide raw material to different industries.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statements are correct
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer : D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. There is inverse relationship between the quantity and quality of minerals.
II. Good quality minerals are less in quantity and low quality minerals are found in large quantities.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both statements are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Mahanadi river valley – Coal reserves
(b) Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins – Crude petroleum reserves
(c) Neyveli – Iron ore mine
(d) Kerala – Monazite
Answer : C

Question. Arrange the following areas of HVJ pipeline in order from North to South direction.
I. Hajira
II. Vijaipur
III. Jagdishpur
IV. Shahjahanpur
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) IV, III, II, I
(c) III, I, IV, II
(d) IV, III, I, II
Answer : B

Question. Arrange the following oil refineries in correct order from North to South directions.
I. Visakhapatnam
II. Chennai
III. Haldia
IV. Nagapattinam
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) III, I, II, IV
(c) IV, III, II, I
(d) I, IV, III, II
Answer : B 

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.
Answer : Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
In Jharkhand high quality mica is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in width in lower Hazaribagh plateau. In Andhra Pradesh. Nellore district produces the best quality mica. In Rajasthan mica belt extends for about 320 kms from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur. Mica deposits also occur in Mysore and Hasan districts of Karnataka, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Kannyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in Kerala, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal.

(ii) What is nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations in India.
Answer : Nuclear power is generated from nuclear fission that is splitting of nucleus of radioactive minerals like Uranium and Thorium. The important nuclear power stations are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).

(iii) Name non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.
Answer : Copper is non-ferrous metal. Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.
Minor producers of Copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).

(iv) What are non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer : Non-conventional energy, are sources that are continuously replenished by natural processes. Examples include energy sources like solar, wind, hydro- geothermal and biomass. The non-conventional energy sources will provide more sustained, eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
Answer : Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration and production was systematically taken up after the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in 1956. Till then, the Digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region but the scenario has changed after 1956. In recent years, new oil deposits have been found at the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. In Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran are important oil producing areas. The major oil fields of Gujarat are Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Lunej. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973 and production commenced in 1976. Oil and natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin on the east coast.

(ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.
Answer : Hydel power is a renewable energy resource as it uses the earth’s water cycle to generate electricity.
1. Water evaporates from the earth’s surface to form clouds, precipitates back to the earth and flows towards the ocean. The movement of water as it flows downstream creating kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity.
2. A hydroelectric power plant having a atom which built across a large river to creat a resources and a power plant where kinetic energy of water converted into electric energy. In power plant turbine play crucial role where mechanical energy of turbine (when water hits the turbine) drive the generator to produce a electrical energy.
3. The total hydroelectric power potential in India is estimated to be about 150,000 MW equivalent to 84,000 MW at a 60% load factor while the potential of small hydropower projects is estimated at about 15,000 MW. 4. India is blessed with an immense amount of hydel potential, ranking 5th in exploitable hydro-potential in the global scenario. According to the assessment made by the CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to be tune of 148700 MW of installed capacity.
4. India is blessed with an immense amount of hydel potential, ranking 5th in exploitable hydro-potential in the global scenario. According to the assessment made by the CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to be tune of 148700 MW of installed capacity.
5. Thus, in totality, India owns a hydel-potential of about 250000 MW.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources Case Based MCQs

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.

Wind energy is absoultely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy. The mechanism of energy conversion from blowing wind is simple. The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy. The permanent wind systems such the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like monsoon have been used as source of energy. Besides these, local winds, land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity.
India, already has started generating wind energy. In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist. Ocean currents are the store-house of infinite energy. Since the beginning of seventeenth and eighteenth century, persistent efforts were made to create a more efficient energy system from the ceaseless tidal waves and ocean current. Large tidal waves are known to occur along the West Coast of India. Hence, India has great potential for the development of tidal energy at the coasts but so far these have not yet been utilised.

Question.The energy produced by the tidal power plant is
(a) non-renewable and inexhaustible
(b) non-polluting and exhaustible
(c) non-polluting and renewable
(d) renewable and exhaustible
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following group consist of non-renewable resources?
(a) Air, water, wind
(b) Coal, air, wood
(c) Natural gas, sand, clay
(d) Coal, oil, iron-ore
Answer : D

Question. In a wind farm, ……… energy is converted into……… energy with the help of turbines.
(a) potential, mechanical
(b) kinetic, electrical
(c) electrical, kinetic
(d) mechanical, potential
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is an inexhaustible resource?
(a) Geothermal
(b) Solar energy
(c) Wind energy
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha. Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).

When the magma from the interior of earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy. Apart from this, the hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells is also used in the generation of thermal energy. It is popularly known as geothermal energy.
This energy is now considered to be one of the key energy sources which can be developed as an alternate source. The hot springs and geysers are being used since medieval period. In India, a geothermal energy plan Text Colort has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.

Question. Name the minerals essential for producing nuclear fuel.
Answer : Important minerals such as uranium and thorium are used to generate nuclear fuel or energy.

Question. Which area in India are sources of minerals used in nuclear energy?
Answer : Areas in India which are sources of minerals (uranium and thorium) used in nuclear energy are Distribution of Uranium It is found in Dharwar rock system. Important regions are
- Jharkhand Along Singhbhum copper belt
- Rajasthan Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts Distribution of Thorium It is mainly obtained from monazite and ilumenite in the beach sands. The states having world’s richest monazite deposits are
- Kerala Palakkad and Kollam districts
- Odisha Mahanadi river delta

Question. Explain the energy sources that is tapped from the interior of the earth.
Answer : Geothermal energy is tapped from the interior of the earth. It refers to energy generated by the tremendous heat of magma, that comes over the earth’s surface from the interior of earth. This heat energy can be converted into electrical energy. Apart from this, hot water from the geyser wells is also used to generate geothermal energy.

Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold produce metal are included in this category. Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals. Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron. All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc. Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and petroleum. Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and graphite, etc. Minerals have certain characteristics. These are unevenly distributed over space. There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals. The third main characteristic is that all minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologically and they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, they have to be conserved and not misused as they do not have the second crop.

Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. Most of the major mineral resources occur to the East of a line linking Mangaluru and Kanpur.

Question. What do you understand by organic minerals?
Answer : Organic minerals are a type of non-metallic minerals.
These are made up of organic matter of buried animals and plants. For example, fossil/mineral fuels like coal, petroleum, etc.

Question. India has vast reserves of coal and petroleum but they are found at different locations. Explain in brief.
Answer : It is true that India has vast reserves of coal and petroleum but they are found at different locations. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins also.

Question. Classify metallic minerals on the basis of their composition.
Answer : On the basis of composition, metallic minerals are classified into two forms
(i) Ferrous Minerals These minerals are rich in iron content and are an important source of iron.
(ii) Non-ferrous Minerals These minerals do not have iron content and have high proportion of other metals. For e.g. copper, bauxite, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Give two advantages of manganese. Mention four manganese producing states of India. 
Answer : The two advantages of manganese are
(i) It can be easily used as a raw material due to its properties.
(ii) It is found abundantly in almost all geological formations.
Four manganese producing states of India are
(i) Odisha It is the leading manganese producer in India.
Important mines are located in the districts of Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir.
(ii) Karnataka Important mines are located in Dharwar,Bellary, Belgaum, North Canara, Chikmagalur,Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumkuru districts.
(iii) Maharashtra Manganese mines are found in Bhandara,Nagpur and Ratnagiri districts.
(iv) Madhya Pradesh Mines are located in a belt that extends through Balaghat, Chhindwara, Nimar-Mandla and Jhabua districts.

Question. ‘Bauxite is found in many parts of India.’ Discuss the statement by explaining the area of Bauxite distribution.
Answer : Bauxite ore is found in laterite rocks mostly in the plateau or hilly regions of peninsular India and also in the coastal areas.
The distribution of bauxite in India is
- Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite and important producing areas are Kalahandi, Sambhalpur, Bolangir and Koraput.
- The Patlands of Lohardaga in Jharkhand have rich deposits.
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are the other important producers of Bauxite.
- Bhavnagar and Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits. Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh have important deposits of bauxite.
- Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producer of bauxite.

Question. Give two advantages of ‘copper’. Mention four copper mining areas of India. 
Answer : The advantages of copper are
(i) Copper, due to its alloyable, malleable and ductile properties, is mostly use in electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.
(ii) To give strength to jewelleries, copper is also mixed with gold.
Four copper producing regions of India are
(i) Copper deposits are mainly found in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
(ii) It is found in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
(iii) Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara, and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan are producers of copper.
(iv) Agnigundala in Guntar district of Andhra Pradesh.Chitradurg and Hassan districts of Karnataka and South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu are other producers of copper ore.

Question. Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.
Answer : In India, mica is mainly found in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka. The distribution of mica in India is
- In Jharkhand, Hazaribagh plateau produces high quality of mica.
- In Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district is famous for mica production.
- A 320 km long belt from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur produces mica in Rajasthan.
- Mysore and Hasan are important mica producers in Karnataka.

Question. Write an essay on hydel power in India. 
Answer : Hydel power is one of the important renewable sources of energy. Here electricity is generated by using potential energy of water. It is more sustained, eco-friendly and cheaper energy after initial cost is taken care of.
India has one of the world’s largest potential for hydroelectric power. Its potential is around 84,000 MW. The Brahmaputra basin has the largest possible capacity of hydro power in India followed by Indus and Ganges basin. First hydroelectric power plants were set up in Darjeeling (West Bengal) and Shivasamudram (Karnataka) in 1897 and 1902, respectively. States like Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, etc are the major producers of hydropower generation in India.
The National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) is responsible for planning and promoting efficient development of hydroelectric power in the country.

Question. ‘‘Conservation of minerals is more important than other resources’’. Explain by giving three arguments.
Answer : Conservation of minerals is more important than other resources due to the following reasons
(i) Minerals are important as large number industries are dependent for raw materials completely on minerals. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources which require millions of years to form.
(ii) Minerals are in insufficient quantities and are exhaustible.
(iii) Mineral conservation is necessary because once they get exhausted, it will be difficult to find other resources to take their place. Economic and industrial development of a country depends on minerals.

Question. Explain any three methods of conservation of minerals resources in India.
Answer : The methods of conservation of mineral resources in India are
(i) Adoption of renewable resources in place of exhaustible resources, like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy can save our non-renewable resources.
(ii) Use of recycled scrap metals should be encouraged.It can save the mining of newer metals. In India, scope of recycling scarce metallic minerals like zinc, copper, lead is more because India lacks behind in the availability of these minerals.
(iii) Substitutes for some precious and scarce metals should be encouraged. It can reduce their consumption.

Question. Give an account of production and use of coal in India.
Answer : About 80% of coal found in India is bituminous coal of non-coking grade. In India, coal is found in two rock sequences
(i) Gondwana Fields It is mainly found in river valleys of Damodar, Godavari, Mahanadi, Sone, etc. The important coal mines are Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, Korba, Singareni, etc.
(ii) Tertiary Coal Fields It is found in Western and Eastern region of Himalayas. Meghalaya, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh are important states where tertiary coal is produced.
Uses of coal are
- It is mainly used for generation of thermal power.
- It is also used in smelting of iron ore.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain any three features of the solar energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy resources.
Answer : Solar energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are renewable energy sources. Important features of these resources are
Features of Solar Energy
(i) It is the most readily available source of energy. It can be trapped by two methods i.e. photovoltaic cells and solar thermal technology.
(ii) It is environment friendly and easy to construct.
(iii) It is generally used in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc.
Features of Tidal Energy
(i) It refers to energy generated by tapping infinite energy present in ocean currents.
(ii) Tides are more predictable than the wind and the solar energy. Thus, energy from this can be harnessed more than the other renewable energy sources.
(iii) India has a long coastline thus has a great potential for the development of tidal energy.
Features of Geothermal Energy
(i) It refers to energy generated by the magma, hot springs, hot geysers, etc that comes over the earth’s surface. The heat energy from these sources can be converted into electrical energy by tapping it.
(ii) Geothermal energy is gaining importance and can be used as an alternative to conventional energy sources.
(iii) In Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh), a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned by India.

Question. ‘‘Conservation of mineral resources is essential for the development of India.’’ Examine the statement.
Answer : Conservation of minerals resources is essential for development of India because of the following reasons
- In India, mineral resources are unevenly distributed throughout the country, if these resources get extinct, then it will a huge challenge to fulfil domestic requirement.
- Its conservation is important as large number of industries are dependent completely on mineral resources.
- If mineral resources are not conserved, then we have to import them from other countries which will put huge economical pressure.
- The formation of minerals takes number of years.
Moreover, they finite and non-renewable. Once finished, they take millions of years for their replenishment.
- Every country has a moral responsibility to conserve resources for the future generation, so that, they can also use them for their development.
Hence, efficient and judicious of minerals is demand of time, if we want to ensure development of India.

Question. Classify minerals into two groups on the basis of chemical and physical properties and give one example of minerals of each group. Mention any two features of the three mineral belts of India.
Answer : Minerals are classified on the basis of their physical properties and chemical properties such as
(i) Metallic Minerals Metallic minerals are those that are rich in metals. They are used to obtain a variety of metals like copper, gold, iron, etc. Bauxite, iron ore are some examples of metallic minerals. There are two types of metallic minerals i.e. ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals include iron, manganese etc. Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite etc.
(ii) Non-metallic Minerals Non-metallic minerals are those that do not have metal components. Nonmetallic minerals are mica, limestone, graphite etc.

Features of the three mineral belts are

(i) North-Eastern Plateau Region
- It covers Chhotanagpur in Jharkhand, Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh.
- It contains minerals such as Iron-ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica.

(ii) South-Western Plateau Region
- It extends over Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
- It is rich in ferrous minerals and iron-ore, manganese and limestone. It also contains Neyveli lignite coal.

(iii) North-Western Region
- It extends along Aravalli in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.
- Minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. Minerals found here include copper, zinc, sandstone, granite and marble.

Question. Write a detailed note on the petroleum resources of India. 
Answer : All petroleum products are obtained from crude oil. Crude oil is found in sedimentary rocks of tertiary age. In India, Digboi was the only crude oil producing region before Independence.
In 1956, after foundation of Oil and Natural Gas Commission, excavation of oil resources started at a faster pace. In recent years, new oil deposits have been found at the extreme Western and Eastern parts of the country. The distribution of crude oil or petroleum resources in India is
- North-Eastern Region It is the oldest oil producing region of India. It extends over vast area in upper Assam valley and Arunachal Pradesh. Important oil fields are Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran, Rudrasagar, etc.
- Gujarat Region The major oil fields of this region are Ankleshwar, Kalol, Nawagam, etc.
- MumbaiHigh It is an oil bearing region about 160 km North-West off the Mumbai coast in the Arabian sea.
- East-Coastal Region This region extends over the Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri basin.
- Western Region Ankleshwar, Kalol,Mehsana, Nawagam etc are important oil producing regions in Gujarat.