Read and download NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques in NCERT book for Class 11 Chemistry. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Chemistry textbook for Class 11 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter
NCERT Book for Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques
Class 11 Chemistry students should refer to the following NCERT Book Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques in Class 11. This NCERT Book for Class 11 Chemistry will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks
Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques NCERT Book Class 11
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
The laboratory apparatus for carrying out reactions, in general, is made up of glass. It is because glass is resistant to the action of most of the chemicals. Generally, two types of glass are used for making apparatus for laboratory work. These are soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass. Soda-lime glass, which is made by heating soda, limestone and silica, softens readily at about 300-400°C in the burner flame. Therefore, on heating glass tubings made of soda-lime glass easily softens and can be bent. Coefficient of expansion of soda glass is very high, therefore on sudden heating and cooling, it may break. To avoid breaking, it should be heated and cooled gradually. Annealing by mild reheating and uniform cooling prevents breakage. Such glass should not be kept on cold surface while it is hot, since sudden cooling may break it. Borosilicate glass does not soften below 700-800°C and requires oxygennatural gas flame for working. Natural gas mixed with oxygen is burnt to get the oxygen-natural gas flame. Coefficient of expansion of this glass is low and apparatus made of this glass can withstand sudden changes in temperature. Therefore, apparatus used for heating purposes is made from borosilicate glass. On heating, glass apparatus made up of borosilicate glass does not distort. In the following pages you will learn about some of the techniques of handling glass tubes and glass rods without injuring yourself. Also, you will learn the techniques of using laboratory apparatus and equipments.
(ii) Keep the lower end of a triangular file with its sharp edge perpendicular to the tube to be marked and pull it towards you to make a single deep scratch on the glass tube or the glass rod at a desired length (Fig. 2.1 a).
(iii) Keep thumbs of your hands on both sides, very close and opposite to the scratch as shown in Fig. 2.1 b and break the glass tube or rod by applying pressure from your thumbs in a direction away from you (Fig. 2.1 c). Break the tube/ rod by holding it with a cloth so that hands are not harmed.
(iv) If the glass tube does not break, make a deeper scratch at the point marked earlier and make a fresh attempt.
(v) Trim any jagged edge by striking with a wire gauge (Fig. 2.2 a).
(vi) Heat the freshly cut edge of the tube gently in the flame to make the edges round and smooth (Fig. 2.2 b). This is called fire polishing. For fire polishing, first continuously warm the cut end in the Bunsen flame and then rotate it back and forth until the edge is rounded. Too much heating may distort the rounded edge (Fig. 2.2 c).
Click on the below link to download NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques
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Chemistry NCERT Book Class 11 Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques
The above NCERT Books for Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques Chemistry Class 11 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 11 Chemistry are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 11 Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques book for Chemistry also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 11 students.
NCERT Book Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques
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Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques NCERT Book Class 11 Chemistry
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Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques NCERT Book
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Class 11 Lab Manual Basic Laboratory Techniques NCERT Book Chemistry
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