CBSE Class 9 Science Matter In Our Surroundings Notes

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

INTRODUCTION

There are a large number of things around us which we see and feel. For example, we can see a book in front of us. A book occupies some space. The space occupied by the book is called it volume. If we pick up the book, we can also feel its weight. So, we conclude that the book has some mass. We cannot see the air around us, yet if we fill a balloon with air and then weight it carefully, we will find that not only does air occupy space (bounded by the balloon), but is also has mass.

Things like a book and air are examples of matter. Other examples of matter are wood, cloth, paper, ice, steel, water, oil etc. Further, that matter offers resistance is borne out by the fact that we cannot displace an object from one place to another without applying some force. We have to apply force to pick up a stone from the ground. Thus, matter can be defined as follows -

Anything that occupies space, has mass and offer resistance is called matter.

SUBSTANCE : A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical process. For example, sugar dissolved in water can be separated from water by simply evaporating the water. Here sugar is a substance which cannot be broken into its components by any physical process.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

(a) Matter is Made up of Particles :

(i) Everything around us is made up of many tiny pieces or particles.

(ii) Particles which make up the matter are constantly moving.

(iii) Particles which make up mater are atoms or molecules.

(i) Evidences for the presence of particles is matter : Most of the evidences for the existence of particles in matter and their motion come from the experiments of diffusion and Brownian motion.

(A) Dissolving a solid in a liquid : Potassium permanganate is a purple coloured solid substance and water is a liquid. We will take 2 - 3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of water. Now we will take out 10  ml of this solution and put into another 90 ml of clear water. We will keep diluting the solution like this 5 to 8 times.

(B) Conclusion : This experiments shows that just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of water. It means a crystal of KMnO4 is made up of millions of tiny particles. They keep dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles. Particles of KMnO4 and particles of water spread into each other, it means they are moving. This movement of different particles among each other, so that they become mixed uniformly, is called diffusion.    

(ii) Movement of pollen grains in water : The best evidence for the existence and movement of particles in liquids was given by Robert Brown in 1827. Robert Brown suspended extremely small pollen grains in water. On looking through the microscope, it was found that the pollen grains were moving rapidly throughout water in a very irregular way (or zig - zag way).

(A) Brownian motion : Zig - zag motion (in a very irregular way) of particles is known as Brownian motion.

Brownian motion can also be observed in gases. Sometimes, when a beam of light enters a room, we can see tiny dust particles suspended in air which are moving rapidly in a very random way. This is an example of Brownian motion in gases. The tiny dust particles move here and there because they are constantly hit by the fast moving particles of air.

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. Particles of matter are constantly moving.

Brownian motion increases on increasing the temperature.    

(b) Characteristics of Particles of Matter :

 The important characteristics of particles of matter are the following :

(i) The particles of matter are very, very small : It can be explained by performing the following experiment. We will dissolve 2 or 3 drops of indigo dye in 100 ml of water. We will get a deep blue coloured solution. Now we will keep diluting the solution and we will observe that intensity of blue colour of indigo dye solution goes on decreasing.

(ii) The particles of matter have spaces between them :

(A) Experiment : We take about 100 ml of a water in a beaker and mark the level of water. We will also take 50 g of sugar. Now we will dissolve the sugar by stirring and we get 3 sugar solution.

(B) Conclusion : The level of sugar solution in the beaker is at the same mark where water level was initially in the beaker.

It shows that particles sugar go into the spaces between various molecule of water due to which there is no change in the volume. Thus, from this experiment it can be concluded that, the molecules in water are not tightly packed, they have spaces between them.

(iii) The particles of matter are constantly moving : This property can be explained by diffusion.

(A) Diffusion : “Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.” It is the phenomenon in which the movement of molecules or particles occur from their higher concentration towards their lower concentration.

e.g. : When a perfume bottle is opened in one corner of a room, its fragrance spreads in the whole room quickly. This happens because the particles of perfume move rapidly in all directions and mix with the moving particles of air in the room.         

The particles of matter possess kinetic energy and so are constantly moving. As temperature rises, particles move faster. 

(iv) Particles of matter attract each other : There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them together.

(A) Cohesive Force : The force of attraction between the particles of different substances is called adhesive force.

e.g. : If we take a piece o chalk, a cube of ice and an iron nail and beat them with a hammer, chalk will easily break into smaller pieces, but more force will be required to break a cube of ice and iron nail will not break.      

Reason : The reason for this is that force of attraction is quite weak in between the chalk particles, but force of attraction in between the particles of ice cube is a bit stronger, while force of attraction in between the particles of iron is very-very strong.

RIGID AND FLUID

(i) Rigid : Rigid means ‘unbending’ or inflexible. A solid is a rigid form of matter so that it maintains its shape when subjected to outside force.

(ii) Fluids : Fluids are the substances which have tendency to flow. A liquid is a fluid form of mater which occupies the space of the container. Liquids have a well defined surface.

 A gas is a fluid form of matter which fills the whole container in which it is kept. 

Liquid and gases are known as fluids.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

On the basis of physical states, all matter can be classified into three groups :-

(a) Solids    (b) Liquids (c) Gases

(a) Solids : A solid is that state of matter which has definite shape, mass and volume.         

e.g. : Ice, wood, coal, iron etc.

(i) Properties :

1. Solids have a definite mass and definite volume.
2. Solids have a definite shape.
3. Solids have negligible compressibility.
4. Solids have high densities.
5. The intermolecular forces in solids are very strong.
6.  The dimensions of solid do not increase in large proportion on heating or cooling.
7. Solids diffuse into one another very slowly.

(b) Liquids : A liquid is a state of matter which has definite mass and volume but no definite shape.

e.g. : Water, alcohol, milk, mercury etc.

(i) Properties :

1. Liquid have a definite mass and volume.
2. Liquid do not have a definite shape.
3. Liquids are slightly more compressible than that of solids.
4. Density of liquids is lesser than that of solids.
5. The force of attraction between the molecules of liquids is less than that of solids.
6. Liquids expands far more than solids on heating.
7. The particles of two different liquids can diffuse is one another easily.

(c) Gases :A gas is a state of matter, which has definite mass, but no definite shape and no definite volume.

e.g. : O2, N2, H2 etc.

(i) Properties :

1. A gas contained in a vessel has a definite mass.        
2. Gases do not have definite shape and volume.           
3. Gases are highly compressible because intermolecular spaces between them are very - very large as compared to solids and liquids.
4. Density of gases is extremely small as compared to solids and liquids.
5. Intermolecular forces are negligible.    
6. Gases expands to large extent when heated.
7. The gases diffuse in one another rapidly to form homogeneous mixture.

Comparison of the characteristics of three states of matter.

(d) Gases are Highly Compressible therefore :

(i) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is used in our home for cooking.

(ii) Oxygen cylinders supplied to hospitals contain liquid oxygen.

(iii) C.N.G. (Compressed Natural Gas) is used a fuel these days in vehicles.

Gaseous particles move randomly at high speed and hit each other and also walls of the container, so exert pressure.

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

The phenomenon of change of mater form one state to another state and back to original state, by altering the conditions of temperature and pressure, is called interconversion of matter.

The various states of matter can be interchanged into one another by altering the conditions of -

(a)   Temperature   (b) Pressure.

(a) Altering the Temperature of Matter :

(i) Interconversion of solid into liquid and vice versa : The solids can be converted into liquids by heating them. Similarly liquids can be cooled to form solids.

e.g. : Ice at 0⁰C changes into water at 0⁰C, when heat energy is supplied to it. The water at 0⁰C changes into ice at 00C on freezing.

(A) Melting or Fusion : The process due to which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat energy is called melting or fusion.

(B) Freezing or Solidification : The process due to which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat energy  is called freezing or solidification.

(C) Melting Point : The constant temperature at which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat energy is called it melting point.

(D) Freezing Point : The constant temperature at which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat energy is called freezing point.

The numerical value of freezing point and melting point is same. Melting point of ice = Freezing point of water = 0⁰c (273.16 k).

Explanation : On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy (K.E.) of particles increases. Due to increases in K.E., the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heart overcomes the force of attraction between the particles. Then, the particles leave their fixed positions and start moving freely and thus solid melts.

Latent Heat of Fusion : The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure and its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion. (In Greek Latent means Hidden) Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg.

Particles of water at 0⁰C (273 K) have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same temperature.

(ii) Interconversion of liquid into gaseous state and vice versa : Liquids can be converted into gases by heating them. Similarly, gases can be converted into liquids by cooling them.

e.g. : Water at normal pressure changes into gas (steam) at 1000C by absorbing heat. Steam at 1000C changes into water by giving out energy.

(A) Boiling or Vaporisation : The process due to which a liquid changes into gaseous state by absorbing heat energy is called boiling.

(B) Condensation or Liquefaction: The process due to which a gas changes into liquid state by giving out heat energy is called condensation.

(C) Boiling point : The constant temperature at which a liquid rapidly changes into gaseous state by absorbing heat energy at atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.

(D) Condensation Point : The constant temperature at which a gas changes into liquid state by giving out heat energy at atmospheric pressure is called condensation point.

The numerical value of condensation point and boiling point is same. Condensation point of vapour (water) = Boiling point of water = 100⁰C (373 K). 

Explanation : When heat is supplied to water, particles start moving faster. At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break the forces of attraction between  the particles. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas.

Latent heat of vaporisation : The amount of heat which is required to convert 1 kg of the liquid (at its boiling point) to vapour or gas without any change in temperature. Latent heat of vaporisation of water = 22.5 × 105 J/kg. 

Particles in steam, that is water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the same temperature. Because steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation.

(iii) Direct interconversion of solid into gaseous state and vice versa : The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating and of vapours directly into solid on cooling is known as sublimation.

1. The solid which undergoes sublimation is called ‘sublime’.
2. The solid obtained by cooling the vapours of a solid is called ‘sublimate’.

e.g. : Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl), iodine, camphor, naphthalene (moth balls) and anthracene.

BY ALTERING PRESSURE

The difference in various states of matter is due to the different intermolecular spaces between their particles. So when a gas is compressed the intermolecular space between its particles decreases and ultimately it will be converted into liquid. Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. So, high pressure and low temperature can liquefy gases.

e.g. : Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a gas under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. It can be liquefied by compression it to a pressure 70 times more than atmospheric pressure.

Solid CO₂ is known as ‘Dry ice’. Solid CO₂ is extremely cold and used to ‘deep freeze’ food and to keep ice - cream cold.

Unit of pressure :

Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas.

The unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa.)

1 atm = 1.01 × 10.5 Pa.

When pressure is lowered the boiling point of liquid is lowered. This helps in rapid change of liquid into gas.

EVAPORATION

The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Water changes into vapours below 100⁰C. The particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different K.E.

In case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher K.E., is able to break the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour. 

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm.

(a) Factors affecting Evaporation :

(i) Temperature : With the increase in temperature the rate of evaporation increases.Rate of evaporation   T

Reason : On increasing temperature more number of particles get enough K.E. to go into the vapour sate.

(ii) Surface Area : Rate of evaporation  Surface area

Since evaporation is a surface phenomena, if the surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases. So, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them out.

(iii) Humidity of Air : Rate of evaporation α 1/Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. When humidity of air is low, the rate of evaporation is high and water evaporates more readily. When humidity of air is high, the rate of evaporation is low and water evaporates very slowly.

(iv) Wind Speed : Rate of evaporation  Wind speed

With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind. So the amount of water vapour decrease in the surroundings.

(v) Nature of substance : Substances with high boiling points will evaporate slowly, while substance with low boiling points will evaporate quickly. 

Difference between evaporation and boiling

(b) Cooling Causes by Evaporation :

The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the  latent heat of vaporisation from ‘anything’ which it touches.

For example :

If we put a little of spirit (ether or petrol) on the palm of our hand then our hand feels very cold.

Perspiration (or sweating) is our body’s method of maintaining a constant temperature.

(c) We Wear Cotton Clothes in Summer :

During summer, we perspire more because of the mechanism of our body which keeps us cool. During evaporation, the particles at the surface of liquid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface. The heat energy equal to latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat.

(d) Water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice cold water :

If we take some ice cold water in a tumbler then we will observe water droplets on the outer surface of tumbler.

Reason : The water vapour present in air on coming in contact with cold glass of water, loses energy. So water vapour gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.

PLASMA

This state consist of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionised gases.

For e.g : neon sign bulb and fluorescent tube

Neon sign bulb - Neon gas

Fluorescent tube - Helium gas

When electrical energy flows through gas, it gets ionised and hence plasma is created. Plasma glows with a special colour depending on nature of gas. Sun and the stars glow because of the pressure of plasma.

BOSE - EINSTIEN CONSENSATE (B.E.C.)

The B.E.C. is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about one-hundred - thousandth the density of normal air, to super low temperature.

Conceptual levels of comprehension on the basis of feedback taken from the students

1. Particle Nature of Matter
• Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter.
• Matter is the form of five basic elements the Panch tatva – air , earth ,fire , sky and water.

Characteristics of particles of matter
• Made of tiny particles.
• Vacant spaces exist in particles.
• Particles are in continuous motion.
• Particles are held together by forces of attraction.

2. States of Matter
Basis of Classification of Types
• Based upon particle arrangement
• Based upon energy of particles
• Based upon distance between particles
• Five states of matter

3.Interchange in states of matter

Matter Can Change its State
Water can exist in three states of matter –
• Solid, as ice ,
• Liquid, as the familiar water, and
• Gas, as water vapour.

Sublimation : The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex. Ammonium chloride , camphor & iodine.
a) Effect of change in temperature The temperature effect on heating a solid varies depending on the nature of the solid & the conditions required in bringing the change .
• On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a liquid.
• The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
• The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
• The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
b) Effect of Change of Pressure
• Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter. Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases.
• Solid carbon dioxide (CO₂) is stored under high pressure. Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice.

Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state

Thus, we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance , whether it will be solid, liquid or gas.

Evaporation & Boiling
• Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest.
• At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy.
• In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour .
• This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Factors Affecting Evaporation
• The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area.
• With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
• Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.
• Wind speed : the higher the wind speed , the more evaporation.

Evaporation cause cooling.
The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation,

Evaporation Vs Boiling
• Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state.

Kelvin & Celsius Scale

• Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 00 C =273.16 K. we take 00 C = 273 K.
• SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. T (K)= T (oC) +273
• Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign , hence regarded as better scale than Celsius.
• Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa):
• 1 atmosphere = 1.01 × (10 to the power 5) Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure. 

Matter in our surroundings Chapter notes Top concepts

1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is known as matter.

2. Matter is not continuous but rather consists of large number of particles.

3. Characteristics of Particle

• Large number of particles constitutes matter.

• Particles of matter are very small in size.

• Particles of matter have spaces between them

• Particles of matter are continuously moving

4. Solids have definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volume

5. Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

6. Gases neither have fixed shape nor volume.

7. Solids possess least compressibility.

8. Liquids possess higher compressibility than solids.

9. Gases possess highest compressibility as compared to solids and liquids.

11. The process in which a solid changes to liquid state by absorbing heat at constant temperature is called fusion.

12. The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called as melting point.

13. SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. T (K)= T (^oC) +273

14. The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state is called latent heat.

15. Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid at its melting point. 

16. The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

17. The temperature at which a liquid changes to solid by giving out heat at atmospheric pressure is called freezing point.

18. The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as boiling point.

19. Latent heat of vaporisation is the heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

20. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

21. The phenomenon of change of a liquid into its gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling point is known as evaporation.

22.In evaporation, the conversion of liquid to gaseous state occurs at a much slower rate, compared to boiling.

23. Evaporation takes place only at the surface of the liquid while boiling can take place in all parts of the liquid.

24. Evaporation is surface phenomenon

25. Boiling is a bulk phenomena

26. The amount of water vapour present in the air is called humidity.

27. Evaporation is a continuous or ongoing process.

28. Evaporation causes cooling.

29. The process of evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants especially leaves is known as transpiration.

30. The rate of evaporation is affected by the surface area exposed to atmosphere, temperature, humidity and wind speed.

31. Since evaporation is a surface phenomenon, therefore, it increases with an increase in surface area

32. Evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.

33. Evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity

34. Evaporation increases with the increase in wind speed

35. The process in which a gas changes into liquid state by giving out heat at constant temperature is called condensation.