CBSE Class 9 Science Tissue Notes

 TISSUE

INTRODUCTION

1. In unicellular organisms a single cell performs all the vital activities for  example, digestion, respiration, excretion etc.
2. In case of Multicellular organisms specialized functions are performed by a different groups of cells. As blood flows for transportation of O₂, CO₂, food hormones & waste material, muscle cells are involved in movement etc.
3. In plants vascular tissue conduct food & water from one plant to another par  to the plant Thus Multicellular organisms possess well-developed division of provide highest possible efficiency or particular function.
4. A tissue is defined as a group of cells with similar structure, organized to do acommon function.
5. Term tissue was coined by
6. As plants are fixed or stationary, most of their tissues are of supportive type. Animals move around in search of food, mate & shelter so they consume more energy as compared to plants.
7. Plants have some localized regions with special tissue but there is no such distinct regions in animals. Growth in animals remains uniform. Branch of biology deals with the study of tissue is called Histology.

 PLANT TISSUE

 Mainly they are of two types :        Ý Meristematic,    Ý Permanent

(a) Meristematic Tissue :

These are simple living tissues having thin walled compactly arranged immature cells which are capable of division and formation of new cells

 (i)Main features of Meristematic tissues are :

(A) G₁à S à G₂ à M cell cycle is switched on.

1. Actively dividing cells are present in growing regions of plants e.g. root & shoo tips
2. Active metabolic state, stored food is absent.
3. Large number of cell organelles are present.
4. Generally vacuoles are absent, dense cytoplasm & prominent nuclei arepresent.
5. Intercellular spaces are absent (Compact tissue)
6. Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic).
7. Classification on the basis of origin :
8. primary (Promeristem):
9. Derived directly from the Meristems of embryo.
10. They consist of cells derived from primary meristem.
11. They add to primary growth of plants.
12. Secondary :
13. Formed by permanent tissues.
14. These are having cells derived from primary permanent tissue.
15. They usually add to the diameter of plants.
16. Permanent tissue ^{Dedifferentiation} Secondary meristem
17. Classification on the basis of location :

(A)Apical meristem: It is present at the growing tips of stems and roots. Cell division in this tissue leads to the elongation of stem & root thus it is involved in primary growth of the plant.
(B)Intercalary meristem: It is present behind the apex. It is the part of apical meristem which is left behind during growth period. These are present at the base of leaf & internode region. These lead to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary) e.g. in grass stem, bamboo stem, mint stem etc..
(C)Lateral meristem: It is also called as secondary meristem. It occurs along the sides of longitudinal axis of the plant. It gives rise to the vascular tissues. Causes growth in girth of stem & root. They are responsible for secondary growth.

PERMANENT TISSUE

              I.The permanent tissues are composed of those cells which have lost their capability to divide. They have definite shape, size and thickness. The permanent tissue may be dead or living.

            II.The division & differentiation of the cells of Meristematic tissues give rise to permanent tissues. In cell differentiation, developing tissue and organs change from simple to more complex forms to become specialized for specific functions. The cells of permanent tissue loose the capacity to divide and attain a permanent shape, size and function.

Depending Upon the structure and composition, The permanent tissues are classified into two types :

(i)Simple permanent tissues : Theses are made up of same type of cells which are similar structurally and functionally. They include two types of tissue :

              I Protective Tissues : these tissue are primarily protective in function. They consist of :

            II.Epidermis : Epidermis forms one cell thick outermost layer of various body organs of plants such as leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Epidermis is covered  outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof layer of waxy substance called as cutin which is secreted by the epidermal cells. Cuticle is very thick in xerophytes. Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous at some places due to the presence of small pores called as stomata. Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean shaped cells called as guard cells. These are the only epidermal cells which possess chloplasts, the rest being colorless.

Functions :

              I.The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation and infection.

            II.Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of transpiration and evaporation of water and prevents wilting.

           III.Stomata in  epidermis allow gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis respiration.

           IV.Stomata also helps in transpiration.

            V.Cork or phellem : in older roots and stems, tissues at the periphery become cork cells or phellem cells. Cork is made up to dead cells with thick walls and do not have any intercellular spaces. The cell walls in cork deposit waxy substance called as suberin. The cells of cork become impermeable to water and gasses due to the deposition of suberin. The cork cells are without any protoplasm but are filled with resins or tannins.

Functions :

1. Cork is protective in function. Cork cells prevent desiccation, infection and mechanical injury.
2. Imperviousness, lightness, toughness, compressibility and elasticity make the cork commercially valuable.
3. Cork is used for insulation, as shock absorber in linoleum.
4. Cork is used in the making of a variety of sport goods such as cricket balls, table tennis, shuttle cocks, wooden paddles etc.

(B)Supporting tissue : These are supportive in function and of three types

 I.Parenchyma: it is the fundamental tissue.

 II.Tissue first time evolved in bryophyte.

III.Thin walled cells, oval or spherical in structure.

 IV.Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose & pectin.

 V.Large central vacuole for food & water storage.

VI.Primary function is food storage.

 VII.Some parenchyma involved in excretory substance storage are so called as idioblast, storing such as resin, tannin, gums & oils. In typical parenchyma chlorophyll is absent.

VIII.Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissue are chlorenchyma which perform photosynthesis e.g. mesophyll of leaves.

 IX.In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (A type of parenchyma containing air spaces) provides buoyancy.

X.Parenchyma provides turgidity to cells.

XI.Collenchyma : it is the living mechanical tissue.

 XII.Elongated cells with thick corners.

XIII.Localized cellulose & pectin thickening.

XIV.Provides flexibility to plant parts & easy bending of various parts of plant.

 XV.Present only in herbaceous dicot stem.

XVI.Present at thin margin of leaves.

XVII.Few chloroplasts may be present.

XVIII.If gives mechanical strength & elasticity to the growing stems.

XIX.Sclerenchyma : (Scleras-hard)

 XX.Strengthening tissue.

XXI.Composed of extremely thick walled cells with little or no protoplasm.

XXII.Cells are dead & possess very thick lignified walls.

XXIII.Lignin is water proof material.

XXIV.Inter cellular spaces are absent.

XXV.Cells of Sclerenchyma are of two types :

XXVI.Sclereids: These are also called grit cells or stone cells. Theses are small cells, where lumen is so small due to higher thickening of cell wall, as present in drup fruit (Mango, coconut walnut) in legume seeds (Macrosclereid)

XXVII.Fibers : They are very long, narrow, thick, lignified cells. Lumen is large as compared to sclereids. Generally 1-3 mm. long. In the thick walls of both the fibres and sclereids are present thin areas called as pits.

  XXVIII.Sclerenchyma fibres are used in the manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile fibres.

 XXIX.Jute & coir are obtained from the thick bundles of fibres.

XXX.Complex permanent tissue : it consists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit.

XXX.It helps in transportation of organic materials, water & minerals.

XXXII.It is also know as conducting or vascular tissue.

XXXIII.Xylem & phloem together form vascular bundles.

(A)Xylem : Also known as wood and is a vascular and mechanical tissue. Thick walled cells are found in the form of tubular passages.

 I. Xylem consists of four types of cells called as elements :

II. Tracheids : T hey are elongated angular dead cells (Primitive elements) mainly involved in conduction of water & minerals in gymnosperms.

III.Vessels: they are advance element (Generally found in angiosperms).Vessels are cylindrical tube like structures placed one above the other end to end which form a continuous channel for efficient conduction of water.

 IV.Xylem parenchyma : they are small & thick walled parenchymatous cells

 V.Subjected for storge of starch (food).

VI.Xylem Sclerenchyma : They are non living fibres with thick walls & narrow cavities provide mechanical support.

 VII.Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem elements are dead.

 VIII.Hadrome : Tracheids & vessels are collectively called hadrome, as main

 IX.Conducting elements in xylem.

X.The annual rings present in the trunk of a tree are xylem rings. By Counting the number of annual rings we can determine the age of a tree.

(B)Phloem : They also consist of both parenchymatous & sclerenchymatous cells.

I.Phloem consists of four types of element :

 II.Sieve tubes : Sieve tubes are slender tube like structures made up of elongated, thin walled cells placed end to end. The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated by numerous pores are called as sieve plates. Nucleus of sieve cell degenerates at maturity, however. Cytoplasm persists, because of protoplasmic continuation of sieve tube with companion cell through plasmodesmata. Sieve cells possess slime protein or protein which is concerned with growth and repair of sieve cells.

 III.Companion cells : Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.

IV.Sieve cells & companion cells are so called sister cells because they originate from single mother cell.

 V.Phloem fibre : They give mechanical support to sieve tubes

VI.Phloem parenchyma : They store food & help in radial conduction of food.

 VII.Leptome : main part of phloem involved in conduction of food, which is sieve tube.

VIII.In xylem only unidirectional movement is possible while in phloem bidirectional movement can occur.

IX.In phloem except phloem Sclerenchyma all elements are living.

 ANIMAL TISSUE

Outline classification of Animal tissue :

1. The study of microscopic structure of tissues is called as Histology. Cells of a tissue are often held together by cell junctions.

(a)Epithelial Tissue :

    [Epi means above & thelial means to grow)

1. Columnar epithelium : Columnar means “pillar-like” epithelium. It forms lining of stomach, Small intestine & colon, forming mucous membranes. Border of microvilli is present at the free surface end of each cell which increases absorption efficiency in small intestine.
2. It involves in absorption, excretion & secretion. It also provides mechanical support.
3. It forms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes & ovaries)
4. It is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles & in glands (salivary glands, sweat glands).
5. It forms the delicate lining of cavities (mouth, oesophagus, nose, pericardium, alveoli etc.) blood vessels and covering of the tongue and skin. 
6. Cells are polygonal in surface view.
7. Cells arranged end to end like tiles on a floor.

(a)Squamous epithelium: Also called pavement epithelium.

1. Epithelial tissues are classified as :
2. It is primarily protective in function.
3. It covers all the organs & lines the cavities of hollow organs like stomach.
4. Blood vessels are absent & non nervous in nature.
5. Consists of single layer of cells.
6. Cells of epithelium are set very close to each other and the tissue rests on a non- cellular basement membrane.
7. Always grows on some other types of tissue.
8. Epithelial cells are arranged in many layers (stratum) to prevent wear and tear in skin. This pattern is stratified squalors epithelium.

(b)Cubical epithelium : They are cube like cells that fit closely, cells look like squares in section, but   free surface appears hexagonal. 

1. It is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles & in glands (salivary glands, sweat glands).
2. It forms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes & ovaries)
3. It involves in absorption, excretion & secretion. It also provides mechanical support.

(c)Columnar epithelium : Columnar means “pillar-like” epithelium. It forms lining of stomach, Small intestine & colon, forming mucous membranes. Border of microvilli is present at the free surface end of each cell which increases absorption efficiency in small intestine.

(d)Ciliated epithelium :

1. Cells may be cubical or columnar.
2. On it’s free surface are present protoplasmic outgrowths called cilia.
3. It helps in the movement of ova in the fallopian tube.

Connective Tissue :

     The cells of the connective tissue are widely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix.

1. The mature of matrix decides the function of tissue.
2. White & yellow fibres are present in the matrix.
3. Their basic function is to provide support to different organs & keeping them in place.
4. Fluid or vascular tissue :
5. Blood & lymph : Blood is a connective tissue, fluid matrix of blood is plasma having wandering or floating cells, called corpuscles, blood helps in the transportation of various materials such as nutritive substances, gases, excretory products, hormones etc.

    Plasma  :    form 55% part of blood.

    Constitution                                               

    90-91%              :  water

    7%                    :   protein (Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)

    0.9%                 :  inorganic salt etc.     

1. Corpuscles: Forms 45% part of blood.
2. RBC’s they are also called as erythrocytes, containing red Coloured respiratory pigment called hemoglobin that helps in transportation of oxygen.
3. WBC’s (Leucocytes: They are also celled as” Soldiers of the body”. They are irregular, amoeboid, phagocytic cells that protect our body by engulfing bacterial & other foreign particles. They are of five types: Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophiles, Neutrophiles, Eosinophils.
4. Blood platelets or thrombocytes: They are spindle shaped cells which are involved in clotting of blood.
5. Skeletal tissue : It is hard connective tissue that forms supportive frame work of the body. It  is of two types :

(A)Bone :Matrix of bone is very hard because of salts such as calcium phosphate, CaCO3 (60-70%) etc. and a protein ossein. Bone cells (osteoblasts) are embedded in this hard matrix. Matrix is deposited in the form of concentric layers of lamellae formed round a central canal (Haversian canal), the done cells occupy small spaces between the concentric layers of matrix. The long bones are usually hollow containing cavity called as marrow cavity. It is full bone marrow.

(B)Cartilage : This tissue is elastic, less harder as compared to bone. Elasticity is due the presence of chondrin (protein). Cells are called as chondroblast, which are widely spaced and matrix is reinforced by fibres. It occurs at joint of bones, in the nose, ear, trachea & larynx. It provides flexibility and great tensile strength.

(C)Connective tissue proper : it is the most abundant type of connective tissue.

It is future divided into following types:

(D)Areolar tissue : It is the most distributed connective tissue in the body. This tissue fills spaces inside organs & is found between the skin & muscles, around blood vessels, nerves & in the bone marrow.

(A)Adipose tissue : These are oval & round cells, filled with fat globules. The cells are called as adipocytes. It found in subcutaneous layer below the skin, around the heart, brain & below the eyeballs. It acts as an insulator & prevents loss of heat from the body.

(B)White fibrous connective tissue : They are very little matrix containing abundant white fibres forming layers. Bundles of this tissue are called as tendons, which attaches muscles to the bones.

(C)Yellow fibrous connective tissue : They are very elastic due to the presence of a network of yellow fibres in it’s matrix called as ligament which attaches bone to bone

MUSCULAR TISSUE

Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular tissues.

Features :

1. They are long fibre-like cells called muscle fibres.
2. They are capable of contraction or relaxation

Types :

It is of three types :

(i)Striated muscles : They are also called as voluntary muscles because these are under the control of one’s will. Muscle fibres or cells are multinucleated and unbranched. Each fibra enclosed by thin membrane which Is called as sarcolemma. Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm. These Muscles get tired & need rest.

(ii)Non striated muscles: They are involuntary muscles also called as smooth muscles. These muscle fibres are uninucleated & spindle shaped. They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibres are joined together in bundles. Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc. peristaltic movements in alimentary canal are brought about by smooth muscles.

(iii) cardiac muscle fibres : They are also involuntary muscles. Only found in the walls of heart. Their structure is in between the striated & non-striated muscles. They are uninucleated & branched. Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these muscles rhythmic contraction & relaxation occurs Thought the life

NERVOUS TISSUE

1. They are highly specialized tissue due to which the animals are table to perceive and respond to the stimuli.
2. Their functional unit is called as never cell or neuron.
3. Cell body is cyton covered by plasma membrane.
4. Short, hair like extensions siring from cyton are dendron which are future subdivide into dendrites.
5. Axon is long, tail like cylindrical process with fine branches at the end. Axon is covered by a sheath.
6. Axon one neuron is very closely placed to the dendrons of another neuron to carry impulses from one to another neuron in the from of electrochemical waves. This close proximity is called as synapse

 (a)Types :

 Nerve fibres are of two types :

1. Medullated fibres
2. Non-medullated fibres

(b)Functions :

(i)They control all the body activities

(ii)They co-ordinate between various parts during any body function.

Spinal cord & brain are made up of nervous tissue.

Q1. Which tissue protects the entire body?

A1.Epithelial tissue

Q2.Give one example each of:

1. Squamous epithelium (simple) - cheek cells

2. Columnar epithelium – intestine

Q3.Give one example of connective tissue in which matrix is solid?

A3.Bone

Q4. Name the following:

1. Multinucleate muscle fibre: - skeletal muscle fibre

2. Spindle shaped muscle fibre: - smooth muscle fibre

3. Tissue which stores fats: - adipose

4. Process of neuron, which carries impulse: -axon

Q5.Name one structure in your body, which bears ciliated epithelium.

A5.Respiratory tract

Q6.What is aerenchyma?

A6.It is a specialized parenchyma found in aquatic plants which consists of network of small cells that enclose air cavities.

Q7.What is the difference between simple plant tissue and simple animal

Tissue?

A7. SIMPLE PLANT TISSUE SIMPLE ANIMAL TISSUE

1. Consists of same type of; Consists of one or more types of Cells. Cells.

2. Arrangement varies; Arranged in a single layer.

Q8.What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?

A8.1.Division of labour

2. Higher organization

3. Higher survival

Q9.What is a synapse

A9.Junction between two neurons.

Q10.Where is apical meristem found?

A10.Root and stem tips

Q11. Identify the type of tissue in the following?

A11. 1. Skin - epithelial

2. Bark - cork

3. Bone - connective

4. Lining of kidney tubules - epithelial

5. Vascular bundle - xylem and phloem

Q12. What is the role of epidermis?

A12. 1. Protection

2. Regulates transpiration

3. Exchange of gases

Q13.What will happen if apical meristem is damaged?

A13.Growth in length will stop.

Q14.What are the components of phloem?

A14. 1. Phloem parenchyma

2. Phloem fibres

3. Sieve tubes

4. Companion cells

Q15.Name all simple plant tissues?

A15. 1. Parenchyma

2. Collenchyma

3. Sclerenchyma

Q16. Draw the diagrams of various types of epithelial tissues: