CBSE Class 12 Psychology Social Influences And Group Processes Assignment

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Assignment for Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Social Influence And Group Processes

Class 12 Psychology students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for Chapter 7 Social Influence And Group Processes in Class 12. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 12 Psychology will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Chapter 7 Social Influence And Group Processes Class 12 Psychology Assignment


Question. What are the benefits of cooperation?
Answer. The determinants of a cooperation and competition are
(i) Reward structure: Cooperative reward is one in which there is interdependence and reward is possible only if all contribute.
(ii) Interpersonal communication: Good interpersonal communication facilitates cooperation which in turn facilitates interaction and discussion.
(iii) Reciprocity: Cooperation may encourage more cooperation. For example, if someone has helped you in the past you are more likely to help him while on the other hand, if someone has refused to help you, you also might refuse to help him.

Question. How often do you show conformity in your behaviour? What are the determinants of conformity?
Answer. People conform because:
- It allows people to function more smoothly by adhering to group norms.
- People behaving in a different way may lead to disapproval.
- The norm is seen as reflecting views and beliefs of the majority. Most people believe that the majority is more likely to be right.

The determinants of conformity are:
(i) Size of the group: Conformity is greater when the group is small than when the group is larger. It is easier for a deviant member to be noticed in a small group and hence they conform because they do not want to be perceived as different.
(ii) Size of minority: When the deviating minority size increases, the likelihood of conformity decreases.
(iii) Nature of the task: Conformity is more likely in a situation where there is a correct or incorrect answer than when answers vary widely without any answer being correct or incorrect.
(iv) Public or private expression of behaviour: Less conformity is found under private expression (e.g. voting by secret ballot) than under public expression.
(v) Personality: Highly intelligent people, those who are confident of themselves, those who are strongly committed and have high self-esteem are less likely to conform.

Question. What are some of the causes of intergroup conflict? Think of any international conflict. Reflect on the human price of this conflict.
Answer. Causes of inter-group conflict are:
(i) Lack of communication: Faulty communication leads to suspicion and a lack of trust.
(ii) Relative deprivation: It arises due to comparison when members of a group feel that they do not have what they desire to have or are not doing well in comparison to other groups. Hence, they feel deprived and discontented.
(iii) Belief of being superior from the other: It occurs when one party believes it is better than the other and every member wants to respect the norms of his/her group.
(iv) Disrespect for the norms of the other group: A feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of my group and violates them because of hostile intention leads to inter-group conflict.
(v) Desire for Retaliation: Some harm done by the group in the past could be the reason for inter-group conflict.
(vi) Biased perception: Feelings of ‘they’ and ‘we’ leads to biased perceptions.
(vii) Existence of a group: Groups obviously generate the feeling of competition and people become more aggressive when they are in a group than when they are alone.Groups compete over scarce resources, both material resources such as territory or money and social resources such as respect or self-esteem.
(viii) Perceived inequity: Perceived inequity is a reason for conflict. Equity refers to distribution of rewards in proposition to individual contributions. If both contribute more but get less, you feel irritated.

Question. Compare and contrast formal and informal groups, and ingroups and outgroups.
Answer. (i) The formation of formal groups is based on some specific rules or laws and members have definite roles. There is a set of norms which help in establishing order. On the other hand, formation of informal groups is not based on rules or laws.
(ii) Relationship among members in formal groups is not close. On the other hand, there is a close relationship among members of an informal group.
(iii) For example, a university is a formal group while family is an informal group.
The term in-group refers to one’s own group and out-group refers to another group.
For in-group members we use the word ‘we’ while for out-group members the word ‘they’ is used.

Question. How do groups influence our behaviour?
Answer. (i) Improvement in performance in the presence of others is called social facilitation.
For example, cyclists racing with each other perform better than when they cycle alone.
(ii) Individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone. This phenomenon is referred to as social loafing. Social loafing is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task. For example, in tug of war or clapping of students in morning assembly individuals put in less effort and social loafing is observed.
(iii) It has been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. This is referred to as group polarisation. For example, an employer is caught taking bribe or engaging in some unethical act. A group through discussion and interaction decides to take extreme decisions like terminating his services than a simple punishment. This is known as group polarisation when a group takes extreme positions by taking strong decisions.


CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Social Influences And Group Processes Objective Type Questions

Question. Identify the correct sequence of the stages of group formation.
(a) Performing, norming, storming and forming
(b) Forming, storming, norming and performing
(c) Norming, storming, forming and performing
(d) Storming, norming, performing and forming
Answer. B

Question. A collection of people around a roadside performer is an example of a
(a) group
(b) crowd
(c) mob
(d) audience
Answer. B

Question. Working together to achieve shared goals is called: 
(a) cooperation
(b) compliance
(c) conformity
(d) obedience
Answer. A

Question. Behaving according to the group norm is called
(a) compliance
(b) conformity
(c) obedience
(d) cooperation
Answer. B

Question. Tendency of group to take extreme decision is called ____________.
Answer. Group polarisation

Question. Extreme cohesiveness in groups results is _____________.
Answer. Groupthink

Question. Teams are special kind of group. (True/False) 
Answer. True

Question. Collection of people assembled for a particular purpose is called an __________.
Answer. Audience

Question. Group polarisation is a phenomenon which is a consequence of extreme cohesiveness. (True/False)
Answer. True

Question. Binding or mutual attraction among the group members is referred to as _____________.
Answer. Cohesiveness
 


CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Social Influences And Group Processes Very Short Answer Questions

 
Question. Explain the term conflict?
Answer. Conflict is a process in which either an individual or a group perceives that others have opposing interests, and both try to contradict each other. There is an intense ‘we’ or ‘they’ feeling.

Question. Differentiate between ingroup and outgroup. 
Answer. The term in-group refers to one’s own group and out-group refers to another group.For in-group members, we use the word ‘we’ while for out-group members the word ‘they’ is used.

Question. What is a group?
Answer. A group is defined as an organised system of two or more individuals who are interacting and interdependent, who have common motives, have a set of role relationships and norms that regulate their behaviour.
Example: family, class, playgroup.

Question. What is group polarisation? Explain with examples.
Answer. It has been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. This is referred to as ‘group polarisation’. For example, an employer is caught taking bribe or engaging in some unethical act. A group through discussion and interaction decides to take extreme decisions like terminating his services than a simple punishment. This is known as group polarisation when a group takes extreme positions by taking strong decisions.

Question. What is ‘bandwagon effect’?
Answer. When you find others also favouring capital punishment, you feel that this view is validated by the public. This is known as the bandwagon effect.

Question. What is social influence?
Answer. Social influence refers to those processes whereby our attitudes and behaviours are influenced by real or imagined presence of other people. Parents, teachers, friends, radio and television commercials create one or other kind of social influence.

Question. ‘Extreme cohesiveness within a group becomes harmful for functioning.’ Explain.
Answer. Extreme cohesiveness may not be in a group’s interest. This phenomenon is called group think. It is the tendency of decision maker to make irrational and uncritical decision. It overrides the motivation to realistically appraise courses of action. No one expresses dissenting opinion because each person believes it would undermine the cohesion of the group.

Question. Explain conformity. 
Answer. People conform because:
- It allows people to function more smoothly by adhering to group norms.
- People behaving in a different way may lead to disapproval.
- The norm is seen as reflecting views and beliefs of the majority. Most people believe that the majority is more likely to be right.


CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Social Influences And Group Processes Short Answer Questions-I

Question. Why do people conform? How is conformity different from compliance? Explain.
Answer. People conform because:
(i) It allows people to function more smoothly by adhering to group norms.
(ii) People behaving in a different way may lead to disapproval.
(iii) The norm is seen as reflecting views and beliefs of the majority. Most people believe that the majority is more likely to be right.

Conformity means behaving according to the group norm while compliance is a response to a request made by someone. Example of conformity: a rule is announced in school in banning mobile phones in school. You agree to do so. For example Compliance refers to behaving in response to a request from another person or group in the absence of a norm. For example, a member of a community group for ‘Clean Environment’ requests you to put a sticker on your bike that reads, ‘Say no to Plastic bags’. You agree to do so not because of group norm or because you personally believe in banning plastic bags, but because you see no harm or problem in putting such sticker. At the same time, it is easier to say ‘yes’ then ‘no’ to such a harmless request.

Question. Describe the factors that facilitate group formation.
OR
State three conditions which facilitate group formation. 
Answer. The following factors facilitate group formation:

(i) Proximity: Repeated interactions with the same set of individuals give us a chance to know them and their interests and attitudes. Common interests, attitudes and background are important determinants of your liking for your group members.

(ii) Similarity: When two people are similar, there is consistency and they start liking each other. For example, when two students in a class share the interest of playing cricket, they are likely to become friends. When we meet similar people, they reinforce and validate our opinions and values and thus we start liking them. For example, you feel watching TV is not good because it shows too much violence and when you meet someone with similar views, it validates your opinion and you start liking the person.

(iii) Common motives and goals: When people have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group. For example, you want to teach children in a slum area and meet like-minded people who help you in achieving your goal.

Question. What is obedience? What do people obey?
OR
Why do people show obedience?
Answer. When compliance is shown to an instruction or order from a person in authority such as parents, teachers, leaders or policemen, that is called obedience.
The causes of obedience are:
(i) People obey because they feel that they are not responsible for their own actions, they are simply carrying out orders from the authority.
(ii) Authority possesses symbols of status (e.g., uniform, title) which people find difficult to resist.
(iii) Once you obey small orders, slowly there is an escalation of commitment for the person who is in authority and one starts obeying bigger orders.
(iv) Many times, events are moving at such a fast speed, that no one has time to think but just to obey orders from above.

Question. Differentiate between cooperation and competition.
Answer. When groups work together to achieve shared goals, we refer to it as cooperation. For example, in a relay race, victory depends on the collective performance of all members of a team.
Competition occurs when members try to maximize their own benefits and work for realization of self-interest. For example, in a hundred meters race, between six people, only one can be the winner.

Question. Differentiate between an audience and a mob.
Answer. An audience is a collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose. For example, to watch a cricket match or a movie. They are generally passive but sometimes become frenzy and become mobs.
A mob has a definite purpose. There is polarization in attention and actions of persons in a common direction. Mob behaviour is characterised by homogeneity of thought and behaviour as well as impulsivity.
 

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Social Influences And Group Processes Long Answer Questions

Question. Give one incident of social loafing in school. Why does it happen? Give the ways of reducing social loafing.
OR
How can social loafing be reduced in group work?
OR
Explain the phenomenon of ‘social loafing’ by giving examples. 
Answer. Individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone. This phenomenon is referred to as social loafing. Social loafing is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task.
This occurs because:
(i) Group members feel less responsible for the overall task being performed and therefore exert less effort.
(ii) Motivation of members decreases because they realize that their contribution will not be evaluated on individual basis.
(iii) The performance of the group is not compared with other groups.
(iv) There is improper coordination among members.
(v) Belonging to the same group is not important for members.

For example, students competing in a game of tug-of-war. Similarly, in an experiment, a group of people were asked to clap or cheer as loudly as possible. Results showed that the amount of nose produced by each participant dropped as the size of the group decreased. It is possible to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting. Such situations give opportunities to group members to relax and become a free rider.
The various ways of reducing social loafing:
(i) Making the efforts of each person identifiable.
(ii) Increasing the pressure to work hard.
(iii) Increasing the apparent importance or value of a task.
(iv) Making people feel that their individual contribution is important.
(v) Strengthening group cohesiveness which increases the motivation for successful group outcome.

Question. Why do people join groups?
Answer. People join groups because they satisfy a range of needs:
(i) Security: When we are alone we feel insecure. Groups reduce this insecurity. Being with people gives a sense of comfort and protection. As a result, people feel stronger and less vulnerable to threats.
(ii) Status: People feel recognised, important and experience a sense of power. For example, your school wins in inter-school debate, you feel proud and think that you are better than others.
(iii) Self-esteem: Groups provide feelings of self-worth and give positive social identity.Being a member of a prestigious group enhances one’s self-concept.
(iv) Satisfaction of psychological and social needs: Groups satisfy needs of belongingness, giving and receiving attention, love etc.
(v) Goal achievement: Groups help in achieving such goals which cannot be attained individually. There is power in the majority.
(vi) Provide knowledge and information: Group membership provides knowledge and information that broadens our view.

Question. Suggest some strategies to reduce inter-group conflicts.
Answer. Some of the conflict resolution strategies are:
(i) Introduction of super-ordinate goals: A super-ordinate goal is mutually beneficial to both parties, hence both groups work cooperatively.
(ii) Conflicts can be reduced by altering perceptions and reactions through persuasion, educational and media appeals and portrayal of groups differently in society.
(iii) Increasing inter-group contacts: This can be done by involving groups in conflict on neutral grounds through community projects and events.
(iv) Redrawing group boundaries: This can be done by creating conditions where group boundaries are re-defined and groups come to perceive themselves as belonging to a common group.
(v) Redrawing group boundaries: Group boundaries are redefined and groups come to perceive themselves as belonging to common group.
(vi) Negotiations: Third party interventions can help in finding mutually acceptable solutions. This requires understanding and trust. It refers to reciprocal communications so as to reach as agreement in situations in which there is a conflict.
(vii) Structural solutions: Societal resources can be reduced according to principles based on justice. Some of the principles of justice are: equality (allocating equally to every one), need (allocating on the basis of needs) and equity (allocating on the basis of contributions of members).
(viii) Respect for other group’s norms: This involves respecting and being sensitive to strong norms of various social and ethnic groups.

 
1. Def ine the term ‘group’. Give its characteristics.
2. What are teams? How are they different from groups?
3. Explain these: crowd, audience and mob.
4. Give the reasons for people joining groups.
5. What are the reasons for group formation?
6. What are the stages of group f ormation?
7. Describe the four important elements of group structure.
8. Differentiate between pr imary and secondary group.
9. Differentiate between formal and informal group.
10. Differentiate between ingroup and outgroup.
11. What is social loafing? Give some reasons for it .
12. How can social loaf ing be reduced?
13. What is group polarization? Explain with the help of examples.
14. What is conformity? Explain with the help of examples.
15. What is compliance? Explain with the help of examples.
16. What is obedience? Explain with the help of examples.
17. Why do we follow norms?
18. What are the determinants of conformity?

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