1. Define ideal type.
2. What is biodiversity and deforestation?
3. What is meant by Historical Materialism?
4. What is meant by Gene – Splicing?
5. What do you understand by Calvinism?
6. Write a note on importance of industrial revolution.
7. Discuss various forms of pollution with examples.
VALUE POINTS
1. Weber also suggested another methodological tool for doing sociology — the ‘ideal type’. An ideal type is a logically consistent model of a social phenomenon that highlights its most significant characteristics.
2. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of interdependencies.
Deforestation: The loss of forest area due to cutting down of trees and/or taking over of the land for other purposes, usually cultivation.
3. Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies. It is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence or, in Marxist terms, the union of its technological and productive capacity and social relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development.
4. A term used to refer to the process by which the DNA of an organism is cut and a gene, perhaps from anotherorganism, is inserted. ( See genetic engineering and recombinant DNA.) Gene splicing is often used in industry to allow singlecelled organisms to produce useful products, such as human insulin. It is also used in the production of genetically modified organisms.
5. Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
6. The Industrial Revolution
• It began in Britain in late 18th C.
• Two main aspects:
o Systematic application of scientific principles to industry.
o New organization of labour and market on a large scale.
• Spinning Jenny, steam engine are facilitated the production process gave rise to the factory system and mass manufacture of goods.
7. Air pollution is considered to be a major environmental problem in urban and rural areas, causing respiratory and other problems which result in serious illness and death. The sources of air pollution include emissions from industries and vehicles, as well as the burning of wood and coal for domestic use. Indoor pollution from cooking fires is also a serious source.
Water pollution is also a very serious issue affecting surface as well as groundwater. Major sources include not only domestic sewage and factory effluents but also the runoff from farms where large amounts of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides are used. The pollution of rivers and water bodies is a particularly important problem.
Cities also suffer from noise pollution, which has been the subject of court orders in many cities. Sources include amplified loud speakers used at religious and cultural events, political campaigns, vehicle horns and traffic, and construction work.
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