CBSE Class 11 English Note Making Worksheet Set 01

Note-Making

Question. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
The most alarming of man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrevocable; the chain of evil it initiates is for the most part irreversible. In this contamination of the environment chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world; radiation released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to the earth in rain, lodges into the soil, enters the grass or corn, or wheat grown there and reaches the bones of a human being, there to ramain until his death. Similarly, chemicals sprayed on crops lie long in soil, entering living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and harm those who drink from once pure wells.
It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth and reached a stage of adjustment and balance with its surroundings. The environment contained elements that were hostile as well as supporting. Even within the light of the sun, there were short wave radiations with power to injure. Given time, life has adjusted and a balance reached. For time is the essential ingredient, but in the modern world there is no time.
The rapidity of change and the speed with which new situations are created follow the heedless pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is no longer the bombardment of cosmic rays; it is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals to which life is asked to make adjustments are no longer merely calcium and silica and copper and all the rest of the minerals washed out of the rocks and carried in the rivers to the sea; they are the synthetic creations of man’s inventive mind, brewed in his laboratories, and having no counterparts in nature.

 

Question. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage make notes on it using heading and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviation (wherever necessary-minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply a title to it.
Answer: Title: Environmental Pollution: A Sinister Assault
1. Nature of Man’s Assault
  1.1 Contam. of air, earth, rivers & sea.
  1.2 Pollution irrevocable & irreversible.
2. Agents of Change
  2.1 Radiation
    2.1.1 Released through nuc. explosions.
    2.1.2 Enters food chain via rain & soil.
    2.1.3 Accumulates in human bones until death.
  2.2 Chemicals
    2.2.1 Sprayed on crops; persist in soil.
    2.2.2 Cause chain of poisoning in organisms.
    2.2.3 Combine in streams to form lethal new forms.
3. The Time Factor
  3.1 Nature: mil. of years for balance & adj.
  3.2 Mod. world: no time for adjustment.
  3.3 Man’s heedless pace vs. nature’s deliberate pace.
4. Synthetic Creations
  4.1 Nuc. radiation: man’s tampering with atoms.
  4.2 Chemicals: lab-brewed synthetic creations.
  4.3 Lack counterparts in nature.

Key to Abbreviations:
Contam. - Contamination
nuc. - nuclear
adj. - adjustment
mil. - millions
mod. - modern

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answer: Man is alarming the environment by contaminating air, earth, and water with lethal, irrevocable materials. Radiation from nuclear explosions and synthetic chemicals sprayed on crops enter the food chain, poisoning organisms and accumulating in human bones. While nature took millions of years to achieve a biological balance, the modern world's rapid, heedless pace allows no time for adjustment. Today's radiation and lab-brewed chemicals are unnatural synthetic creations that have no natural counterparts, disrupting the world's very nature.

 

Question. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. They can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned. Those who never have to change house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter. They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years in the belief that they may one day need them. Old people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, and sentiment. Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with the relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a sentimental value.
Some things are collected deliberately in an attempt to avoid wastage. Among these are string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened. Collecting small items can be a mania. A lady cuts out from newspaper sketches of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had money. As she is not rich, the chances are that she will never be able to afford such purchases. It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk.
Collecting as a serious hobby is quite different and has many advantages. It provides relaxation for leisure hours, as just looking at one’s treasure is always a joy. One doesn’t have to go out for amusement as the collection is housed at home. Whatever it consists of - stamps, records, first editions of books, China - there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the right place for the latest addition to verifying facts in reference books. This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
There are other benefits also. One gets to meet like-minded collectors to get advice, compare notes, exchange articles, to show off one’s latest find, etc. So, one’s circle of friends grows. Soon the hobby leads to travelling, perhaps a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to one country. Over the years one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.

 

Question. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary - (minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
Answer: Title: The Art and Habit of Collecting
1. Accumulation of Possessions
  1.1 Amassing things unknowingly.
  1.2 Creating clutter in drawers & attics.
  1.3 Reasons for old people:
    1.3.1 Lack of physical/mental energy.
    1.3.2 Sentimental value & past associations.
2. Deliberate Collecting
  2.1 To avoid wastage (e.g., string, paper).
  2.2 Small items as a mania.
  2.3 Habit can lead to desk litter.
3. Collecting as a Serious Hobby
  3.1 Advantages:
    3.1.1 Relaxation & joy during leisure.
    3.1.2 Amusement at home.
  3.2 Educational benefits:
    3.2.1 Knowledge of chosen subj.
    3.2.2 Verifying facts in ref. books.
4. Social and Professional Growth
  4.1 Meeting like-minded collectors.
  4.2 Growth of social circle.
  4.3 Leads to travel & trips abroad.
  4.4 Becoming an authority & public speaker.

Key to Abbreviations:
subj. - subject
ref. - reference
& - and
e.g. - exempli gratia (for example)

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answer: People often amass possessions unconsciously, leading to household clutter. While some collect to avoid waste, old people often accumulate things due to sentimental associations or lack of energy. However, collecting as a serious hobby offers numerous benefits, including relaxation and home-based amusement. It is highly educational and encourages social interaction among like-minded individuals. Over time, a serious collector may grow their social circle, travel internationally for rare specimens, and even become an authority or public speaker on their chosen subject.

 

Question. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
It is surprising that sometimes we don’t listen to what people say to us. We hear them, but we don’t listen to them. I was curious to know how hearing is different from listening. I had thought both were synonyms, but gradually, I realised there is a big difference between the two words.
Hearing is a physical phenomenon. Whenever somebody speaks, the sound waves generated reach you, and you definitely hear whatever is said to you. However, even if you hear something, it doesn’t always mean that you actually understand whatever is being said. Paying attention to whatever you hear means you are really listening. Consciously using your mind to understand whatever is being said is listening.
Diving deeper, I found that listening is not only hearing with attention, but is much more than that. Listening is hearing with full attention, and applying our mind. Most of the time, we listen to someone, but our minds are full of needless chatter and there doesn’t seem to be enough space to accommodate what is being spoken.
We come with a lot of prejudices and preconceived notions about the speaker or the subject on which he is talking. We pretend to listen to the speaker, but deep inside, we sit in judgement and are dying to pronounce right or wrong, true or false, yes or no. Sometimes, we even come prepared with a negative mindset of proving the speaker wrong. Even if the speaker says nothing harmful, we are ready to pounce on him with our own version of things.
What we should ideally do is listen first with full awareness. Once, we have done that, we can decide whether we want to make a judgement or not. Once we do that, communication will be perfect and our interpersonal relationship will become so much better. Listening well doesn’t mean one has to say the right thing at the right moment. In fact, sometimes if words are left unspoken, there is a feeling of tension and negativity. Therefore, it is better to speak out your mind, but do so with awareness after listening to the speaker with full concentration.
Let’s look at this in another way. When you really listen, you imbibe not only what is being spoken, but you also understand what is not spoken as well. Most of the time we don’t really listen even to people who really matter to us. That’s how misunderstandings grow among families, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings and sub headings. Use recognisable abbreviations (wherever necessary - minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
Answer: Title: The Essential Art of Listening
1. Hearing vs. Listening
  1.1 Hearing: physical phenomenon; sound waves reaching ears.
  1.2 Listening: conscious use of mind; paying attention.
2. Barriers to Effective Listening
  2.1 Internal needless chatter.
  2.2 Prejudices & preconceived notions.
  2.3 Sitting in judgement (right/wrong).
  2.4 Negative mindset to prove speaker wrong.
3. Requirements for Ideal Listening
  3.1 Listen with full awareness.
  3.2 Postpone judgement.
  3.3 Listen with full concentration.
4. Benefits of Good Listening
  4.1 Perfect communication.
  4.2 Improved interpersonal relationships.
  4.3 Imbibing both spoken & unspoken messages.
  4.4 Avoidance of misunderstandings in families.

Key to Abbreviations:
vs. - versus
& - and
diff. - difference
comm. - communication

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answer: There is a significant difference between hearing and listening. While hearing is a physical phenomenon, listening requires conscious mental effort and full attention. Effective listening is often hindered by internal mental chatter, prejudices, and a judgmental attitude. Ideally, one should listen with full awareness before making judgments. Good listening improves interpersonal relationships and perfects communication. By truly listening, we understand both spoken and unspoken messages, thereby avoiding common misunderstandings within families and other relationships.

 

Question. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
Although stupidity is commonly defined as ‘a lack of normal intelligence’, stupid behaviour is not the behaviour of a person lacking in intelligence but the behaviour of a person not using good judgement or sense. In fact, stupidity comes from the Latin word that means ‘senseless’. Therefore, stupidity can be defined as the behaviour of a person of normal intelligence who acts in a particular situation as if he or she is not very bright. Stupidity exists at three levels of seriousness.
First is the simple, relatively harmless level. Behaviour at this level is often amusing. It is humorous when someone places the food from a fast food restaurant on the roof of the car while unlocking the door and then drives away with the food still in the roof. We call this absent-minded. The person’s good sense or intelligence was temporarily absent. At this level, other than passing inconvenience or embarrassment, no one is injured by the stupid behaviour.
The next type-serious stupidity-is more dangerous. Practical jokes such as putting sugar in the salt shakers are at this level. The intention is humorous, but there is a chance of harm. Irresponsible advise given to other is also serious stupidity. An example is the person who plays psychiatrist on the basis of an introductory psychology course or doing a TV program on psychiatry. The intention maybe to help, but if the victim really needs psychiatric help an amateur will only worsen the situation.
Even worse is the third of stupidity. Kind people, who would never injure another living being, stupidly throw away a box of six-week old kittens along a country road. Lacking the heart to kill the poor things, they sentence them to almost certain death from wild animals, infections exposure or the wheels of passing vehicle. Yet they are able to tell themselves that they will find ‘nice homes’ or ‘animals can get along in the wild’. Another example of this kind of stupidity is the successful local businessman who tries to have as many office affairs as he can get away with. He risks the loss of his business and his home. He fails to see that what he is doing is wrong. His is the true moral stupidity of a person not willing to think about the results of his actions or take responsibility for them. The common defence of a person guilty of stupidity is – ‘But I did not think.....’ This, however, is not an inadequate excuse, especially when serious or harmful stupidity is involved.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary.
Answer: Title: Understanding Levels of Stupidity
1. Definition of Stupidity
  1.1 Not lack of intell. but lack of good judgement.
  1.2 Derived from Latin ‘senseless’.
  1.3 Normal people acting as if ‘not bright’.
2. Level 1: Simple & Harmless
  2.1 Often amusing/humorous.
  2.2 Characterized by absent-mindedness.
  2.3 Results in minor embarrassment/inconvenience.
3. Level 2: Serious Stupidity
  3.1 Potentially dangerous.
  3.2 Includes practical jokes & irresponsible advice.
  3.3 Amateur help can worsen situations.
4. Level 3: Moral Stupidity
  4.1 Most harmful level.
  4.2 Examples:
    4.2.1 Abandoning pets on roads.
    4.2.2 Risky personal behavior of businessmen.
  4.3 Traits: unwilling to think of results or take resp.

Key to Abbreviations:
intell. - intelligence
& - and
resp. - responsibility

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title.
Answer: Title: Serious Dimensions of Stupidity
Stupidity is defined as a failure to use good judgment rather than a lack of intelligence. It ranges across three levels. Simple stupidity is harmless and often amusing, caused by temporary absent-mindedness. Serious stupidity involves dangerous practical jokes or irresponsible advice that can harm others. The most severe form is moral stupidity, where individuals refuse to take responsibility for harmful actions, such as abandoning animals or engaging in risky behaviors, often using the inadequate excuse of not thinking.

 

Question. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
(1) I remember my childhood as being generally happy and can recall experiencing some of the most carefree times of my life. But I can also remember, even more vividly, moments of being deeply frightened. As a child, I was truly terrified of the dark and getting lost. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments.
(2) Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much. There was never total darkness, but a street light or passing car lights made clothes hung over a chair take on the shape of an unknown beast. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw curtains move when there was no breeze. A tiny creak in the floor would sound a hundred times louder than in the daylight and my imagination would take over, creating burglars and monsters. Darkness always made me feel helpless. My heart would pound and I would lie very still so that ‘the enemy’ wouldn’t discover me.
(3) Another childhood fear of mine was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school. Every morning, I got on the school bus right near my home - that was no problem. After school, though, when all the buses were lined up along the curve, I was terrified that I would get on the wrong one and be taken to some unfamiliar neighbourhood. I would scan the bus for the faces of my friends, make sure that the bus driver was the same one that had been there in the morning, and even then ask the others over and over again to be sure, I was in the right bus. On school or family trips to an amusement park or a museum, I wouldn’t let the leaders out of my sight. And of course, I was never very adventurous when it came to taking walks or hikes because I would go only where I was sure I would never get lost.
(4) Perhaps, one of the worst fears I had as a child was that of not being liked or accepted by others. First of all, I was quite shy. Secondly, I worried constantly about my looks, thinking people wouldn’t like me because I was too fat or wore braces. I tried to wear ‘the right clothes’ and had intense arguments with my mother over the importance of wearing flats instead of saddled shoes to school. Being popular was very important to me then and the fear of not being liked was a powerful one.
(5) One of the processes of evolving from a child to an adult is being able to recognise and overcome our fears. I have learnt that darkness does not have to take on a life of its own, that others can help me when I am lost and that friendliness and sincerity will encourage people to like me. Understanding the things that scared us as children helps to cope with our lives as adults.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary.
Answer: Title: Childhood Fears and Growing Up
1. Memories of Childhood
  1.1 Generally happy & carefree.
  1.2 Vivid memories of deep fright.
2. Specific Childhood Fears
  2.1 Fear of darkness
    2.1.1 Shadows resembling beasts.
    2.1.2 Overactive imagination at night.
    2.1.3 Feeling of helplessness.
  2.2 Fear of getting lost
    2.2.1 Terror of boarding wrong bus.
    2.2.2 Constant checking for familiar faces.
    2.2.3 Reluctance to be adventurous.
  2.3 Fear of social rejection
    2.3.1 Worry about looks (wt., braces).
    2.3.2 Desire for popularity.
    2.3.3 Importance of ‘right clothes’.
3. Evolution into Adulthood
  3.1 Recognizing & overcoming fears.
  3.2 Realizing darkness isn't alive.
  3.3 Coping with adult life through childhood understanding.

Key to Abbreviations:
wt. - weight
& - and
subj. - subject

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title.
Answer: Title: Overcoming Childhood Terrors
Childhood, though generally happy, is often marked by vivid and terrifying fears. Common anxieties include a fear of the dark fueled by imagination, and the fear of getting lost in unfamiliar places. Social acceptance and physical appearance also cause significant worry for children. However, the process of maturing into an adult involves recognizing and overcoming these fears. Understanding our childhood terrors helps us develop better coping mechanisms to manage our lives and social interactions as adults.

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
The outcasts were not allowed to mount the platform surrounding the well, because if they were ever to draw water from it, the Hindus of the three upper castes would consider the water polluted. Nor were they allowed access to the nearby brook as their use of it would contaminate the stream. They had no well of their own because it cost a lot of money to dig a well in a hilly town. Perforce they had to collect at the foot of the upper-caste Hindu well and depend on the bounty of some of their superiors to pour water into their pitchers. More often than not there was no upper-caste Hindu present. Most of them were rich enough to get the water-carriers to supply them with plenty of fresh water every morning for their baths and kitchens, and only those came to the well who were either fond of an open-air bath or too poor to pay for the water-carriers’ services. So the outcasts had to wait for a chance to bring some upper-caste Hindu to the well, for luck to decide that he was kind, for Fate to ordain that he had time — to get their pitchers filled with water. They crowded round the well, congested the space below its high brick platform, morning, noon and night, joining their hands in servile humility to every passer-by; cursing their fate, and bemoaning their lot, if they were refused the help they wanted; praying, beseeching and blessing, if some generous soul condescended to listen to them, or to help them. When Sohini reached the well there were already about ten other outcasts waiting. But there was no one to given them water. She had come as fast as she could to the well, full of fear and anxiety that she would have to wait her turn since she could see from a distance that there was already a crowd. She didn’t feel disappointed so much as depressed to realise that she would be the eleventh to receive water. She had sensed the feeling in her brother’s soul. He was tired. He was thirsty. She had felt like a mother as she issued from her home to fetch water, a mother going out to fetch food and drink for her loved ones at home. Now as she sat in a row with her fellow sufferers, her heart sank. There was no sign of anyone passing that way who could be a possible benefactor. But she was patient. She had in her an inbred fortitude, obvious in her curious reserve, in her docile and peaceful bearing.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary.
Answer:

Title: The Plight of Outcasts and the Struggle for Water

• 1. Social Discrimination
  • 1.1 Outcasts barred from well platform.
  • 1.2 Upper castes view them as polluters.
  • 1.3 No access to nearby brooks.
• 2. Lack of Independent Resources
  • 2.1 Costly to dig wells in hilly towns.
  • 2.2 Dep'd on bounty of superiors.
• 3. The Wait for Water
  • 3.1 Long waits dur'g morn., noon, & night.
  • 3.2 Servile humility & beseeching passers-by.
  • 3.3 Dep'd on kindness & time of upper castes.
• 4. Sohini's Personal Struggle
  • 4.1 Anxiety & fear of long crowds.
  • 4.2 Feel'g of depression at find'g ten people ahead.
  • 4.3 Concern for thirsty brother.
  • 4.4 Docile & patient bearing despite hardship.

Key to Abbreviations:

• Dep'd: Dependent/Dependency
• dur'g: during
• morn.: morning
• &: and
• find'g: finding
• feel'g: feeling

 

 

Question. Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title.
Answer:

Title: Thirst Amidst Prejudice

Outcasts faced severe discrimination, being prohibited from using common wells or brooks due to notions of pollution. Lacking resources to dig their own wells, they relied on the whims and charity of upper-caste Hindus. Sohini, driven by concern for her thirsty brother, joins a crowd of fellow outcasts waiting for water. Despite her depression at the long wait and the absence of any benefactor, she displays immense patience and quiet fortitude in the face of servile conditions.

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
The term dietary fibres refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods, the importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people having diet rich in these fibres, had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones.
The food stuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears, etc. These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine whereas most of other carbohydrates like starch and sugar are digested and absorbed. The dietary fibres have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and increase transit time in the gut. Some of these fibres may undergo fermentation in the colon.
In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing coronary heart disease, and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gums and pectin are reported to decrease post-prandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. These types of dietary fibres are recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that the fenugreek (Methi) seeds, which contain 40 per cent gum, are effective in decreasing blood glucose and cholesterol levels as compared to other gum containing vegetables.
Some dietary fibres increase transit time and decrease the time or release of ingested food in colon. The diet having less fibres is associated with colon cancer and the dietary fibres may play a role in decreasing the risk of it.
The dietary fibres hold water so that stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. Therefore high fibre intake prevents or relieves constipation. The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and by decreasing the transit time there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. Another reason in helping to decrease obesity is that the high fibre diets have somewhat lower coefficients of digestibility. The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may become important constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 grams dietary fibres per day is desirable.
(Extracted from ‘The Tribune’)

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it in points only, using recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title.
Answer:

Title: Importance of Dietary Fibres

• 1. Def'n & Sources
  • 1.1 Indigestible carbohydrates in plants.
  • 1.2 Rich sources: cereals, grains, legumes, fruits & leafy veggies.
• 2. Physical Properties
  • 2.1 Not digested by stomach enzymes.
  • 2.2 Water-holding capacity; behave like sponges.
  • 2.3 Add bulk & increase transit time in gut.
• 3. Health Benefits
  • 3.1 Prevents coronary heart dis. & lowers cholesterol.
  • 3.2 Management of diabetes (e.g. methi seeds).
  • 3.3 Prevention of colon cancer & constipation.
  • 3.4 Checks obesity by maintain'g energy intake.
• 4. Potential Risks
  • 4.1 Can bind trace metals (Ca, Mg, Zn, etc.).
  • 4.2 Prevents proper abs'n of minerals.
  • 4.3 Risk of nut'l deficiency.
• 5. Recommendation: 40g per day is desirable.

Key to Abbreviations:

• Def'n: Definition
• &: and
• veggies: vegetables
• dis.: disease
• e.g.: for example
• maintain'g: maintaining
• abs'n: absorption
• nut'l: nutritional

 

Question. Write a summary of the above in about 80 words.
Answer: Dietary fibres, found in plant-based foods, are indigestible carbohydrates essential for health. They hold water, adding bulk to the diet and aiding in stool elimination, which prevents constipation and obesity. Consuming fibres reduces risks of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer. However, excessive intake can hinder the absorption of vital minerals like calcium and zinc, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, a balanced daily intake of approximately 40 grams is recommended for optimum health.

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
(Delhi, AI, Foreign 2012)
Research has shown that the human mind can process words at the rate of about 500 per minute, whereas a speaker speaks at the rate of about 150 words a minute. The difference between the two at 350 is quite large. So a speaker must make every effort to retain the attention of the audience and the listener should also be careful not to let his mind wander. Good communication calls for good listening skills. A good speaker must necessarily be a good listener. Listening starts with hearing but goes beyond. Hearing, in other words is necessary but in a sufficient condition for listening. Listening involves hearing with attention. Listening is a process that calls for concentration. While listening, one should also be observant. In other words, listening has to do with the ears, as well as with the eyes and the mind. Listening is to be understood as total process that involves hearing with attention, being observant and making interpretations. Good communication is essentially an interactive process. It calls for participation and involvement. It is quite often a dialogue rather than a monologue. It is necessary to be interested and also show or make it abundantly clear that one is interested in knowing what the other person has to say. Good listening is an art that can be cultivated. It relates to skills that can be developed. A good listener knows the art of getting much more than what the speaker is trying to convey. He knows how to prompt, persuade but not to cut off or interrupt what the other person has to say. At times the speaker may or may not be coherent, articulate and well organised in his thoughts and expressions. He may have it in his mind and yet he may fail to marshal the right words while communicating his thought. Nevertheless a good listener puts him at ease, helps him articulate and facilitates him to get across the message that he wants to convey. For listening to be effective it is also necessary that barriers to listening are removed. Such barriers can be both physical and psychological. Physical barriers generally relate to hindrances to proper hearing whereas psychological barriers are more fundamental and relate to the interpretation and evaluation of speaker and the message.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes in points only, using abbreviations wherever necessary. Supply a suitable title.
Answer:

Title: The Art of Effective Listening

• 1. The Mind's Processing Gap
  • 1.1 Mind processes 500 words/min.
  • 1.2 Speaker speaks 150 words/min.
  • 1.3 Large diff. (350 words/min) leads to mind wander'g.
• 2. Hear'g vs. Listen'g
  • 2.1 Hear'g is a physical cond'n.
  • 2.2 Listen'g involves attention & concentration.
  • 2.3 Requires eyes, ears, & mind.
• 3. Traits of a Good Listener
  • 3.1 Active participation & involvement.
  • 3.2 Prompt'g & persuad'g speaker w/o interrupt'g.
  • 3.3 Put'g speaker at ease & help'g articulation.
• 4. Barriers to Effective Listen'g
  • 4.1 Physical barriers: hinder proper hear'g.
  • 4.2 Psychological barriers: relat'd to interpretation & evaluation.

Key to Abbreviations:

• min.: minute
• diff.: difference
• wander'g: wandering
• vs.: versus
• cond'n: condition
• &: and
• w/o: without
• interrupt'g: interrupting
• put'g: putting
• help'g: helping
• relat'd: related

 

Question. Write a summary of the above passage in 80 words.
Answer: Effective communication requires good listening skills, especially since the human mind processes words much faster than a person speaks. Listening is an active art that goes beyond simple hearing; it requires concentration, observation, and interpretation. A good listener facilitates the speaker's articulation without interruption. To ensure effectiveness, one must remove physical and psychological barriers. Cultivating listening skills transforms communication from a simple monologue into a productive, interactive dialogue that benefits both parties.

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
There is nothing more frustrating than when you sit down at your table to study with the most sincere of intentions and instead of being able to finish the task at hand, you find your thoughts wandering. However, there are certain techniques that you can use to enhance your concentration. “Your concentration level depends on a number of factors,” says Sonali Ghosh, a social counsellor. “In order to develop your concentration span, it is necessary to examine various facts of your physical and internal environment,” she adds. To begin with, one should attempt to create the physical environment that is conducive to focussed thought. Whether it is the radio, TV or your noisy neighbours, identify the factors that make it difficult for you to focus. For instance, if you live in a very noisy neighbourhood, you could try to plan your study hours in a nearby library. She disagrees with the notion that people can concentrate or study in an environment with distractions like a loud television, blaring music, etc. “If you are distracted when you are attempting to focus, your attention and retention powers do not work at optimum levels,” cautions Ghosh, “Not more than two of your senses should be activated at the same time,” she adds. What that means is that music that sets your feet tapping is not the ideal accompaniment to your books. Also, do not place your study table or desk in front of a window. “While there is no cure for a mind that wants to wander, one should try and provide as little stimulus as possible. Looking out of a window when you are trying to concentrate will invariably send your mind on a tangent,” says Ghosh. The second important thing, she says, is to establish goals for oneself instead of setting a general target and then trying to accomplish what you can in a haphazard fashion. It is very important to decide what you have to finish in a given span of time. The human mind recognises fixed goals and targets and appreciates schedules more than random thoughts. Once your thoughts and goals are in line, a focussed system will follow. She recommends that you divide your schedule into study and recreation hours. When you study, choose a mix of subjects that you enjoy and dislike and save the former for the last so that you have something to look forward to. For instance, if you enjoy verbal skill tests more than mathematical problems, then finish Maths first. Not only will you find yourself working harder, you will have a sense of achievement when you wind up. Try not to sit for more than 40 minutes at a stretch. Take a very short break to make a cup of tea or listen to a song and sit down again. Under no circumstances, should one sit for more than one and a half hours. Short breaks build your concentration and refresh your mind. However, be careful not to overdo the relaxation. It may have undesired effects. More than anything else, do not get disheartened. Concentration is merely a matter of disciplining the mind. It comes with practice and patience and does not take very long to become a habit for life.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it in points only, using abbreviations wherever necessary. Supply a suitable title.
Answer:

Title: Techniques to Enhance Concentration

• 1. Physical Envir. Optimization
  • 1.1 Identify & remove distractions (radio, TV, noisy neighbours).
  • 1.2 Avoid study'g near windows to prevent tangents.
  • 1.3 Use quiet spaces like libraries.
• 2. Senses & Distractions
  • 2.1 Max. two senses should be active.
  • 2.2 Music w/ tapping feet hinders retention.
• 3. Goal Sett'g & Schedul'g
  • 3.1 Establish fixed goals & span of time.
  • 3.2 Avoid haphazard targets.
  • 3.3 Mix subjects: finish disliked ones first for a sense of achiev't.
• 4. Study Habits
  • 4.1 Max. 40 mins at a stretch.
  • 4.2 Short breaks for tea/music to refresh mind.
  • 4.3 Max. sitting: 1.5 hrs.
• 5. Practice & Discipline
  • 5.1 Conc. is a habit for life.
  • 5.2 Requires patience & disciplining of mind.

Key to Abbreviations:

• Envir.: Environment
• &: and
• study'g: studying
• Max.: Maximum
• w/: with
• Sett'g: Setting
• Schedul'g: Scheduling
• achiev't: achievement
• mins: minutes
• hrs: hours
• Conc.: Concentration

 

Question. Write a summary of the above in 80 words.
Answer: To enhance concentration, one must create a distraction-free physical environment and avoid activating more than two senses simultaneously. Setting specific, time-bound goals is more effective than haphazard studying. A well-planned schedule that mixes difficult and enjoyable subjects provides a sense of achievement. Regular breaks every 40 minutes prevent fatigue and refresh the mind. Ultimately, concentration is a discipline that, through consistent practice and patience, becomes a lifelong habit for success.

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow : 

Despite all the research everyone of us catches cold and most of us catch it frequently. Our failure to control one of the commonest of all ailments sometimes seems ridiculous. Medical science regularly practises transplant surgery and has rid whole countries of such killing diseases as Typhus and the Plague. But the problem of common cold is unusually difficult and much has yet to be done to solve it. It is known that cold is caused by one of a number of viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passages leading to the lungs but the confusing variety of viruses makes study and remedy very difficult. It was shown in 1960 that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain many colds for which no virus has as yet been isolated. There is also the difficulty that because they are so much smaller than the bacteria which cause many other infections, viruses cannot be seen with ordinary microscopes. Nor can they be cultivated easily in the bacteriologist’s laboratory, since they only grow within the living cells of animals or plants. An important recent step forward, however, is the development of the technique of tissue culture, in which bits of animal tissue are enabled to go on living and to multiply independently of the body. This has greatly aided virus research and has led to the discovery of a large number of viruses. Their existence had previously been not only unknown but even unsuspected. The fact that we can catch cold repeatedly creates another difficulty. Usually a virus strikes only once and leaves the victim immune to further attacks. Still we do not gain immunity from cold. Why? It may possibly be due to the fact that while other viruses get into the blood stream where anti-bodies can oppose them, the viruses causing cold attack cells only on the surface. Or it may be that immunity from one of the many different viruses does not guarantee protection from all the others. It seems, therefore, that we are likely to have to suffer colds for some time yet.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it in points only, using abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title.
Answer:

Title : Common Cold A Threat

• 1. Fighting Common Cold
  • 1.1 Cold common
  • 1.2 Typhus and plague eradicat’d
  • 1.3 Common cold diff. to solve
• 2. Causes of Cold
  • 2.1 Viral infection
  • 2.2 Viruses — rhinoviruses
  • 2.3 Affect lining of the nose
• 3. Research
  • 3.1 Dev. tech. of tissue culture
  • 3.2 Aided virus research
  • 3.3 Existence previously not known
• 4. No protection
  • 4.1 no imm. from cold
  • 4.2 cold cells attack on surface
  • 4.3 likely to suffer from cold

Abbreviations used :

• 1. eradicat’d – eradicated
• 2. diff. – difficult
• 3. Dev. – Development
• 4. tech. – technique
• 5. imm. – immunity

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made. 
Answer:

Summary

Cold is a common ailment, which everyone suffers at some point of life. Scientists have got rid of many diseases but the problem of common cold still exists. It is caused by viral infection, which affects the lining of the nose and other passages. Many developments have been made on tissue culture to discover large number of viruses but their existence is still unknown. The virus of cold attacks on the surface or from the immunity of many different viruses. There it is difficult to give guarantee protection to it and we are likely to suffer from cold.

 

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow : 

Effective speaking depends on effective listening. It takes energy to concentrate on hearing and to concentrate on understanding what has been heard. Incompetent listeners fail in a number of ways. First, they may drift. Their attention drifts from what the speaker is saying. Second, they may counter. They find counter arguments to whatever a speaker may be saying. Third, they compete. Then, they filter. They exclude from their understanding those parts of the message which do not readily fit with their own frame of reference. Finally they react. They let personal feelings about speaker or subject override the significance of the message which is being sent. What can a listener do to be more effective? The first key of effective listening is the art of concentration. If a listener positively wishes to concentrate on receiving a message his chances of success are high. It may need determination. Some speakers are difficult to follow, either because of voice problems, or because of the form in which they send a message. There is then a particular need for the determination of a listener to concentrate on what is being said. Concentration is helped by alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical alertness. It is not simply physical fitness, but also positioning of the body, the limbs and the head. Some people also find it helpful to their concentration if they hold the head slightly to one side. One useful way for achieving this is intensive note-taking, by trying to capture the critical headings and subheadings the speaker is referring to. Note-taking has been recommended as an aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. It gives him confidence when he sees that listeners are sufficiently interested to take notes; the patterns of eye contact when the note-taker looks up can be very positive; and the speaker’s timing is aided—he can see when a note-taker is writing hard and can then make effective use of pauses. Posture too is important. Consider the impact made by a less competent listener who pushes his chair backwards and slouches. An upright posture helps a listener’s concentration. At the same time it is seen by the speakers to be a positive feature amongst his listeners. Effective listening skills have an impact on both the listener and the speaker.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary. 
Answer:

Title : Effective Speaking and Listening

• 1. Eff. spk. rely on
  • 1.1 Effective listening
  • 1.2 Energy to conc. on hearing
  • 1.3 Conc. on understanding what has been heard
• 2. Causes of failure for incomp. listening
  • 2.1 drift in attention
  • 2.2 face argument
  • 2.3 complete
  • 2.4 reaction/react
• 3. Factors affecting listening
  • 3.1 Art of conc.
    • (a) Alertness
    • (b) Positioning of body
    • (c) Note taking
  • 3.2 Determination
  • 3.3 Voice problem
• 4. Imp. of note taking
  • 4.1 Helps the speaker
  • 4.2 Gives Confi.
  • 4.3 Develops (+)ve eye contact
• 5. Imp. of Posture
  • 5.1 Dev. int.
  • 5.2 Increase level of conc.
  • 5.3 Dev. (+)ve feature

Abbreviations and symbols used :

• 1. Confi. – Confidence
• 2. (+) ve – positive
• 3. Imp. – Importance
• 4. int. – interest
• 5. Dev. – Develop
• 6. Eff. – Effective
• 7. Spk. – Speaking
• 8. conc. – concentrate
• 9. incomp. – incomplete

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title. 
Answer:

Summary

Effective speaking and effective listening goes hand in hand. It is an art which depends upon a lot of factors like concentration, determination and clarity of voice. Incompetent listeners fail due to lack of attention, counter arguments, competition, etc. Alertness is a mental state of mind, which plays a pivotal role in this. Note taking, which includes eye contact is another important factor. The way a person maintains his/her posture is equally important to leave an important impact on both the speaker and listener.

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :

A vast blanket of pollution stretching across South Asia is cutting down sunlight by 10 per cent over India, damaging agriculture, modifying rainfall patterns and putting hundreds of thousands of people at risk, according to a new study. The startling findings of scientists working with the United Nations Environment Programme indicate that the spectacular economic growth seen in this part of the world in the past decade may soon falter as a result of this pollution. Research carried out in India indicates that the haze caused by pollution might be reducing winter rice harvests by as much as 10 per cent, the report said. “Acids in the haze may, by falling as acid rain, have the potential to damage crops and trees. Ash falling on leaves can aggravate the impacts of reduced sunlight on earth’s surface. The pollution that is forming the haze could be leading to several hundreds of thousands of premature deaths as a result of higher levels of respiratory diseases,” it said. Results from seven cities in India alone, including Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata, estimate that air pollution was annually responsible for 24,000 premature deaths in the early 1990s. By the mid 1990s they resulted in an estimated 37,000 premature fatalities. “The haze has cut down sunlight over India by 10 per cent (so far) - a huge amount! As a repercussion, the North West of India is drying up.” Prof. V. Ramanathan said when asked specifically about the impact of the haze over India. Stating that sunlight was going down every year, he said. “We are still in an early stage of understanding of the impact of the haze. Asked whether the current drought in most parts of India after over a decade of good monsoon was owing to the haze, he said, “it was too early to reach a conclusion. If the drought persists for about four to five years, then we should start suspecting that it may be because of the haze.” India, China and Indonesia are the worst affected owing to their population density, economic growth and depleting forest cover. The preliminary results indicate, that the build up of haze, a mass of ash, acids, aerosols and other particles is disrupting weather systems, including rainfall and wind patterns and triggering droughts in western parts of the Asian Continent. The concern is that the regional and global impacts of the haze are set to intensify over the next 30 years as the population of the Asian region rises to an estimated five billion people.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary. 
Answer:

Title : The Changing Weather System

• 1. Vast pollution blanket across South Asia
  • 1.1 Drastic chngs. in weather
  • 1.2 Puts ppl. at risk
  • 1.3 Economic grwth. may falter
• 2. Threats of acid rain and resprtry. diseases
  • 2.1 Potential dmge. to crops.
    • (a) Falling ash
      • • reduced sunlight
      • • aggrvtd. impact on crops and plants
  • 2.2 Premature death due to resprtry diseases
• 3. Pollution haze over India
  • 3.1 Reduction in sunlight by 10%
  • 3.2 Drying North West of India
• 4. Impacts of polltn. haze to intensity
  • 4.1 Rising popltn. of the Asian Region
    • (a) Worst affected countries
      • • India
      • • China
      • • Indonesia
  • 4.2 Economic grwth. but deplting. forest covr.
    • (a) Preliminary Results
      • • Haze build up
      • • Mass of ash, acid, aerosols, etc.
      • • Disruption in weathr. sys., rainfall and wind patterns

Abbreviations used :

• 1. chngs. – changes
• 2. ppl. – people
• 3. grwth. – growth
• 4. resprtry. – respiratory
• 5. polltn. – pollution
• 6. popltn. – population
• 7. deplting. – depleting
• 8. covr. – cover
• 9. dmge. – damage
• 10. aggrvtd. – aggravated
• 11. weathr. – weather
• 12. sys. – system

 

Question. Write a summary of the passage in 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title. 
Answer:

Summary

Vast pollution blankets across South Asia. This has brought drastic change in the weather, putting people at risk. As a result, economic growth may falter because of drought in India. Acid rain and premature death due to respiratory disease are threatening plants and humans alike. With India, China and Indonesia being the worst affected countries, the rising population, economic growth and depleting forests in the Asian regions are causing impacts of the pollution haze to intensify and disrupt weather systems.

 

 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow : 

The tests of life are its plus factors. Overcoming illness and suffering is a plus factor for it moulds character. Steel is iron plus fire, soil is rock plus heat. So let’s include the plus factor in our lives. Sometimes the plus factor is more readily seen by the simple-hearted. Myers tells the story of a mother who brought into her home - as a companion to her own son - a little boy who happened to have a hunchback. She had warned her son to be careful not to refer to his disability, and to go right on playing with him as if he were like any other boy. The boys were playing and after a few minutes she overheard her son say to his companion: “Do you know what you have got on your back?” The little boy was embarrassed, but before he could reply, his playmate continued: “It is the box in which your wings are and some day God is going to cut it open and then you will fly away and be an angel.” Often it takes a third eye, or a change in focus, to see the plus factor. Walking along the corridors of a hospital recently where patients were struggling with fear of pain and tests, I was perturbed. What gave me fresh perspective were the sayings put up everywhere, intended to uplift. One saying made me conscious of the beauty of the universe in the midst of pain, suffering and struggle. The other saying assured me that God was with me when I was in deep water and that no troubles would overwhelm me. The impact of those sayings also made me aware of the nether springs that flow into people’s lives when they touch rock-bottom or lonely, or even deserted. The nether springs make recovery possible, and they bring peace and patience in the midst of pain and distress. The forces of death and destruction are not so much physical as they are psychic and psychological. When malice, hate and hard heartedness prevail, they get channelled as forces of destruction. Where openness, peace and good-heartedness prevail, the forces of life gush forth to regenerate hope and joy. The life force is triumphant when love overcomes fear. Both fear and love are deep mysteries, but the effect of love is to build whereas fear tends to destroy. Love is often the plus factor that helps build character. It helps us to accept and to overcome suffering. It creates lasting bonds and its reach is infinite. It is true that there is no shortage of destructive elements - forces and people who seek to destroy others and in the process, destroy themselves - but at the same time there are signs of love and life everywhere that are constantly enabling us to overcome setbacks. So let’s not look only at gloom and doom - let’s seek out positivity and happiness. For it is when you seek that you will find what is waiting to be discovered.

 

Question. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. 
Answer:

Title : Seeking Happiness

• 1. Life’s tests are its plus factors.
  • 1.1 Plus factors, such as ovrcmng. suffrng. moulds chrctr.
  • 1.2 Simple hearted see plus factors more readily
  • 1.3 Often a change in focus is req.
• 2. Nether Springs
  • 2.1 Flow into lonely depressed ppl’s. lives
  • 2.2 Brings peace and patience
  • 2.3 Leads to recovery
• 3. Life forces v/s death forces
  • 3.1 Forces of destrcn. malice, hate and hard-heartedness.
    • (a) Chanld. through
      • • Malice
      • • Hate
      • • Hard-heartedness
    • (b) Forces of death and destrcn.
      • • Less physical
      • • More psychic of psychological
      • • Self-destructive by seeking other’s destrcn.
  • 3.2 Forces of life regenerate hope of joy
    • (a) Prevails where
      • • Openness
      • • Peace of good heartedness
• 4. Love v/s fear
  • 4.1 Love overcomes fear, life force triumphs
  • 4.2 Love builds, fear destroys
  • 4.3 Love builds character
    • (a) Helps in
      • • Accepting and overcoming sufferings
      • • Creating lasting bond
      • • Infinite reach
• 5. Conclusion
  • 5.1 Seek positivity and happiness
  • 5.2 Find what is awaiting discovery

Abbreviations used:

• 1. ovrcmng. – overcoming
• 2. ppl. – people
• 3. suffrng. – suffering
• 4. destrcn. – destruction
• 5. chrctr. – character
• 6. req. – required
• 7. v/s – versus
• 8. Chanld. – Channelled

 

Question. Write a summary of the above passage in 80 words using the notes made and also suggest a suitable title. 
Answer:

Summary

Life’s tests are its plus factors. Overcoming sufferings is a plus factor, which moulds character. Simple hearted see plus factors readily. However, a change in focus is also required. Nether springs flow into lonely and depressed people’s life, bringing peace and patience and eventually, recovery. Hate, malice, etc. are channelled as forces of destruction. Forces of life generates hope of joy. Life force triumphs when love overcomes fear. Love creates as lasting bond therefore, one should seek positivity and happiness.

ENRICHMENT

NOTE MAKING

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The scope of democracy needs to be widened and deepened for people to have a real voice to influence decisions that shape their lives, and the power to hold decision- makers accountable, not only through elections but in the periods between elections. While formal institutions of democracy have become a universal norm, it is important to develop and sustain the core values of inclusiveness, participation and accountability, before institutions can be seen as truly democratic.

It has been seen that a lasting solution for eradicating poverty and shaping human progress can be found much through politics as through economics. Politics matters in a large way; because it is through this mechanism that the rights of the citizen in any country are determined it decides whether the people should be allowed to participate in the decision making process that impacts their lives.

In the last two decades, the politics has witnessed a sea change. There are innumerable instances across the world, of the opening up of political systems and increased rights and power to the people. The world can be labeled as much more democratic, but there are several underlying problems to be dealt with. According to a UN report, 140 countries hold multi-party elections, out of which only 81 have taken significant steps towards democracy, out of the nearly 200 countries, people still do not enjoy their rights in the rest and their freedom is also curbed.

The democratic system of voting in the elections had added crucial element of governance from the human development stand point, because elections symbolize enforceable accountability. When a government fails to live up to the needs and desires of the people, they can simply vote it out of the
office the next time. There can be no stricter form of accountability, no more egalitarian form of participation. The right to vote itself has given every individual a choice.

However, it would be a grim mistake if one equated democracy with regular ritual of elections. A vibrant democracy requires functioning institutions- for instance a legislature that does not do a specific individual’s bidding; a judiciary that is independent and understands the importance of equaltreatment of all through the eyes of the law; a free, independent and unbiased media and security forces that carry out their duties without specific political allegiances. It also requires an active and alert civil society that can ensure that the government works in the general public interest, and also keeps giving its inputs wherever required. An independent judiciary provides the necessary checks and balances between the democratic institutions of governance. The UN report emphasizes accountability at national and international level Accountability is central to democratic governance. It ensures the holders of public trust are acting effectively and fairly. In the presence of a free press and an active civil society, people have several ways of participating in the policy decisions and
debates.

→ Questions:

a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it in points only using headings and sub-headings. Use abbreviations (minimum 4) wherever necessary. Supply a suitable title to it.

b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.

 

2. Read the following instructions for conducting an experiment and complete the paragraph that follows.

-Take two hard rubber rods,flannel and a silk rod.

• Rub a rod with flannel and suspend it with a silk thread
• Take the other rod and rub it with flannel
• Bring the second rod near the suspended one
• It will repel the first rod

Two hard rubber rods, flannel and a silk thread are taken. A rod ________________ with flannel. It _________with a silk thread. The other rod ___________and ______with flannel. The second rod _____near the suspended one. The first rod __________by it.

 

3. Change the following sentences into reported speech:

1. Yuri said to me, “Why are you wasting your time?”

2. Father said to children, “Have you prepared well for the test?”

3. Mother said to me, “I was waiting for you for a long time.”

4. Jaya said to the watchman, “Did you find the key anywhere?”

5. “What a horrible sight!” We all exclaimed.

6. She said, “Oh! It’s a snake. Don’t go near it, children.”

 

4. Change the voice:

1. One finds mosquitoes everywhere.

2. A helper was given to us.

3. The doctor looked after the patients.

4. She brought me a cup of coffee.

5. The trees were blown down by the wind.

 

5. Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences.

1. large quantities/ of warm water/ from the body/drinking/thus removing poisons/results in sweating

2. from the body/fasting also/removes poisons

 

Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 11 English Note Making Worksheet Set A