CBSE Class 8 Computer Science Photoshop Review Notes

Fill Tools: The Fill tools fill color into areas of the document.

• The Paint Bucket tool fills in areas of similar color with the foreground color.
• The Gradient Tool creates a smooth straight-line change from the foreground color to the background color.

Text Tools: The Type tools add text to a document.

• The type tools create type on top of an image.
• The type mask tools make a selection of the document in the shape of type.

Shape Tools: The Shape tools draw shapes and lines in a normal layer or a shape layer.
• The Shape tools will create a solid color shape of their type.
• The Line tool will create a solid color line.
• The Custom Shape tool makes customized shapes selected from a custom shape list.

Color Picking and Measuring Tools: The Color Picking and Measuring tools do not actually change the document in any way.
• The Eyedropper tool changes the foreground color to the color that is clicked on.
• The Color Sampler tool is an advanced tool.
• The Measure tool measures the distance, location, and angle between to points in the document

Hand Tool: The Hand tool moves an image within its window.

Zoom Tool: The Zoom tool magnifies and reduces the view of an image.

SUMMARY

1. Photoshop is considered one of the leaders in photo editing software.
2. The Marquee tool selects a section of the document based on the shape of the chosen tool.
3. The Move tool moves items in the document, such as selections, layers, and guides.
4. The Magic Wand tool selects areas of similar colors.
5. The Color Picking and Measuring tools do not actually change the document in any way.
6. The Hand tool moves an image within its window.
7. The Zoom tool magnifies and reduces the view of an image.

M curves

The M curve is a little trickier because it involves a new tool: The Convert Point tool. The convert point tool is found under the pen tool in the tool box

1. From your starting point, drag upwards. You are creating the direction handle.
2. Move to the right and parallel, drag downward. You are creating an inverted U curve right now.

3. Now the tricky part: Hold the Alt (Option) Key and drag upward. First you define a direction with a direction handle (The initial drag of the mouse). The next click actually draws the curve based on the direction of the first drag and the second. If you want a sharp curve (called a cusp), you need to first change the direction of the handle without affecting the previously drawn curve. The Convert point tool, is such the tool for this task. The Alt (Option) Key is a quick way to temporarily choose the Convert Point tool.

1. Position your pointer to the right of the second point and drag down You’ve just made an M curve.

Closed paths
A closed path. X marks the start/end point. To help in creating your curves, you may want to show the grid under the View>Show menu.
The paths described so far are open paths—that is, they’re not fully enclosed shapes. They’re just lines, and therefore you can’t use them to select areas of your image, or fill them up with solid colors A closed path, on the other hand, can be filled with color, texture or patterns. It can be turned into a selection to use on an image.

1. Repeat the steps for the M curve.
2. Click to add a point beneath the other three points.In the middle, the shape of the heart begins forming.
3. Finally, point to the first point you created, without clicking.
• A small circle appears by the pointer. It tells you that your mouse is hovering over the initial starting point. Click on the circle to close the path and form a closed loop.
4. Click the point to close the path and complete your heart.

Combining vector paths

If you’re using the Pen tool (P), and you’ve created multiple paths within your document, these paths are totally separate, and are moved independently of one another. However, if you want these paths to move as one unit—combine them. Just switch to the Path Selection tool (Shift-A until it comes up), then go up to the Options Bar and click on the Combine button. Now when you move one path, all the combined paths move right along with it.

Converting shapes to selections

Convert paths to selection borders
Paths provide smooth outlines that you can convert into precise selection borders. You can also convert selection borders into paths, using the Direct Selection tool for fine-tuning.You can define any closed path as a selection border. A closed path can be added to,subtracted from, or combined with the current selection.

Convert a path to a selection border using the current settings

1. Select the path in the Paths panel.

2. To convert the path, do one of the following:
• Click the Load Path as a Selection button at the bottom of the Paths panel.
• Ctrl-click (Windows) or Command-click (Mac OS) the path thumbnail in the Paths panel.

Convert a path to a selection border and specify settings
1. Select the path in the Paths panel.
2. Do one of the following:
• Alt-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) the Load Path As A Selection button at the bottom of the Paths panel.
• Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Mac OS) the path to the Load Path As A Selection button.
• Choose Make Selection from the Paths panel menu.

3. In the Make Selection dialog box, select a Rendering option:
Feather Radius
Defines how far inside and outside the selection border the feather edge extends. Enter a value in pixels.
Anti-aliased
Creates a finer transition between the pixels in the selection and the surrounding pixels.Make sure the Feather Radius is set to 0.

4. Select an Operation option:
New Selection
Selects only the area defined by the path.
Add To Selection
Adds the area defined by the path to the original selection.
Subtract From Selection
Removes the area defined by the path from the current selection.
Intersect With Selection
Selects the area common to both the path and the original selection. If the path and selection
do not overlap, nothing is selected.

5. Click OK.

Manipulating vector paths

You can reorder saved paths that are not Shape, Type, or Vector Mask paths in the Paths panel.
• In the Paths panel, drag the path to the position you want. In Photoshop CC, you can select and drag more than one path simultaneously.

Duplicate paths
1. In the Paths panel, select the path you want to duplicate. In Photoshop CC, you can select more than one path.
2. Do any of the following:
• Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag the paths.
• Choose Duplicate Path from the panel menu.

Adjust path segments
You can edit a path segment at any time, but editing existing segments is slightly different from drawing them. Keep the following tips in mind when editing segments:
• If an anchor point connects two segments, moving that anchor point always changes both segments.
• When drawing with the Pen tool, you can temporarily activate the Direct Selection tool so that you can adjust segments you have already drawn; press Ctrl (Windows) or Command
(Mac OS) while drawing.
• When you initially draw a smooth point with the Pen tool, dragging the direction point changes the length of the direction line on both sides of the point. However, when you edit an existing smooth point with the Direct Selection tool, you change the length of the direction line only on the side you are dragging.

Move straight segments
1. With the Direct Selection tool , select the segment you want to adjust.
2. Drag the segment to its new position.

Adjust the length or angle of straight segments
1. With the Direct Selection tool, select an anchor point on the segment you want to adjust.
2. Drag the anchor point to the desired position. Shift-drag to constrain the adjustment to multiples of 45°.

Adjust the position or shape of curved segments
1. With the Direct Selection tool, select a curved segment, or an anchor point on either end of the curved segment. Direction lines appear, if any are present.
(Some curved segments use just one direction line.)

2. Do any of the following:
• To adjust the position of the segment, drag the segment. Shift-drag to constrain the adjustment to multiples of 45°.

Click to select the curve segment. Then drag to adjust.

• To adjust the shape of the segment on either side of a selected anchor point, drag the anchor point or the direction point. Shift-drag to constrain movement to multiples of 45°.

Drag the anchor point, or drag the direction point.

Type in Photoshop

Type in Photoshop consists of mathematically defined shapes that describe the letters, numbers, and symbols of a typeface. When you add type to an image in Photoshop, the characters are composed of pixels and have the same resolution as the image file. However, Photoshop preserves the vector-based type outlines and uses them when you scale or resize type, save a PDF or EPS file, or print the image to a PostScript printer.

Typographic design

1. Choosing your image and preparing the canvas
Start by choosing a portrait image you’d like to turn into a Typography Poster. It’s best to choose a large image so you can see all the features of the face clearly.

2. Adding in Color Range Shadows and Mid Tones
To select the appropraite areas on the face you’ll be using the Color Range Tool. This will select all the different tones on the face. Each time a Color Range is selected you’ll copy and paste it onto a new layer. You’ll be removing the original image from view to have a transparent background.

3. Converting to Black and White and Merging the 2 Color Range Layers

You’ll then to converting the 2 Tones into Black and White and merging the two layers together.

4. Create a new Canvas and add Text
Next you create a new canvas with the same size as the portrait image. Write out the text you’d like in the Typography Portrait; a poem or quote might add a nice touch rather than meaningless words.

5. Adding in yout Text
The text is then turned into a Brush and clicked onto the portrait canvas into a new layer using varient brushes sizes. A mask layer it then placed on the text layer. Go to your portrait layer and copy the image, the mask layer is click where you paste in the image. The portrait image on the mask layer is then inverted. You then click back onto the original text layer and remove the original portrait layer from view to see the new typographic portrait.

6. Gradient and Final Touches
A Gradient Option is added using Blending Options and a soft brush is selected and brushed on certain areas of the face using the color black and an opacity of 33% to enhance certain areas.

Creating a clipping mask from type

A clipping mask is an object or a group of objects whose shape masks other artwork so that only areas that lie within the shape of the masking object are visible. In effect, you are clipping the artwork to conform to the shape of the object (or mask). In Photoshop, you can create a clipping mask from
shapes or letters.

Creating a design element from type
To be demonstrated in practical class by teacher

Using interactive formatting controls

The Character palette in Photoshop contains many options to help you set beautiful type, but not all of the choices and controls are obvious—as in the trick of scrubbing the Tracking icon to choose a tracking value.

• Select some type in the image window, click the font displayed in the Font Family pop-up menu, and press the up and down arrow keys to cycle through the available fonts and watch
them preview interactively in the image window.

Wrapping font type

Warping lets you distort type to conform to a variety of shapes, such as an arc or a wave. You can change a layer's warp style at any time to change the overall shape of the warp. Warping options give you precise control over the orientation and perspective of the warp effect.

Designing a paragraph of type

In Photoshop, you will often use point type - a few discrete words or lines – which are added by clicking once with the Type tool and then adding some text. Often, however, a design may call for full paragraphs of text. You can design complete paragraphs of type in Photoshop and you don't have to switch to page-layout program to get paragraph type control. In this short tutorial I'll show you how to do it.

Step 1
Open or create an image that you want to add a paragraph of text to. I'm using this picture of a couple of pears.

 Step 2
Select the Horizontal Type tool (), and in the Character palette, choose a typeface. I'm using Century,I've set the Size to 12 points, Leading to Auto, Tracking to 0, and text Colour to white.

Step 3
Click the Paragraph tab to bring the Paragraph palette forward, and click the Justify Last Left button.

Step 4
Select the Horizontal Type Tool from the toolbox and instead of just clicking once on the document window, click and drag out a rectangular marquee.

This creates a text box into which your text will flow.

You will notice a small flashing cursor inside the text box. Start typing in your text, or if you have copied some text from another document or web page, press Ctrl+V (windows) to paste the text that you copied into the text box. Your text will now flow neatly from one side of the text box to the other, because you selected Justified from the paragraph palette.

Step 5
Once your text is in the text box, you can use the Move tool to drag the text to wherever you want on the image.

Preparing file for print

• Always transform your images in their native application. Size, crop, rotate, shear, and reflect art in Photoshop.
• Ensure that images can first print from Photoshop. Do this before importing the images into an illustration or page layout program.
• When saving Photoshop images for print purposes, stick to TIFF, EPS, native PSD, or PDF file formats.
• Make sure that you use the proper color mode. For example, use CMYK for color separations for offset printing and RGB for photographic prints.
• Create vector shapes and paths efficiently. Use the fewest number of anchor points possible to create the path and delete any unnecessary or stray points.
• Make sure that all scanning is at the appropriate resolution.
• If your image is to bleed (extend to the edge of the printed page), take that into account when creating your image. Note that you need to allow for 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch on any side that will bleed to allow for slippages when the paper is cut.
• When using spot colors, always specify colors from a Pantone color swatch chart and then select the color, whether process or spot, in Photoshop.
• Print and provide laser or inkjet prints of your file, both separations (if warranted), and a composite print.
• Provide all fonts used in your file. Provide both screen and PostScript printer fonts, if applicable.
• Choose File→Save As for your final save to squeeze down to the smallest file size.
• Organize your files into folders.

Preparing file for web output

What Makes a Graphic “Web-Ready” image in Photoshop
1. Resolution is 72 dpi
2. Color mode is RGB
3. Generally reduced in file size for faster
4. Format is mainly jpeg, bmp or gif

This process utilizes five steps:
1. Downsize the image.
2. Sharpen the image.
3. Save a copy of the image with the layers.
4. Convert the color space/flatten the image.
5. Convert to eight-bit image.
6. Save the JPEG image.

File compression

1. Open an image to experiment with. If you copy an image from the clipboard, choose File -->
New from Clipboard.
2. Choose File --> Save As (Ctrl+Shift+S) to save the original image.
3. Choose File --> Save For Web (Alt+Shift+Ctrl+S) or choose the Save For Web icon in the Shortcuts bar.
4. Inspect the settings contained in the Save For Web dialog box.
5. The JPEG quality setting is set to Maximum/100 by default
6. Adjust the quality settings — High (60%), Medium (30%), and Low (10%) — in the Settings drop-down list and then fine-tune the numeric settings in the Quality text box.
7. Type a number, such as 40 or 50 percent, to make additional changes to the numeric setting.
8. Photoshop and Photoshop Elements use lower compression values to indicate more compression and a smaller file size (100 = least compression, 1 = most);
9. Click OK when you're ready to save your image.

SUMMARY

1. Vector shapes are lines and curves you draw using the shape or pen tools.
2. Vector shapes are resolution-independent—they maintain crisp edges when resized, printed to
a PostScript printer, saved in a PDF file, or mported into a vector-based graphics application.
3. A path consists of one or more straight or curved segments. Anchor points mark the end points of the path segments.
4. Type in Photoshop consists of mathematically defined shapes that describe the letters, numbers, and symbols of a typeface.
5. A clipping mask is an object or a group of objects whose shape masks other artwork so that only areas that lie within the shape of the masking object are visible.
6. Warping lets you distort type to conform to a variety of shapes, such as an arc or a wave. You can change a layer's warp style at any time to change the overall shape of the warp.