NCERT Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 International Organisations

Question. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the veto power:
(a) Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the veto power.
(b) It’s a kind of negative power.
(c) The Secretary General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.
(d) One veto can stall a Security Council resolution.
Answer: (a) Correct (b) Correct (c) Wrong (d) Correct (e) India (f) Maldives (g) India (h) Nepal

Question. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the way the UN functions:
(a) All security and peace related issues are dealt within the Security Council.
(b) Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialised agencies spread across the globe.
(c) Having consensus among five permanent members on security issues is vital for its implementation.
(d) The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialised agencies of the UN.
Answer: (a) Correct (b) Wrong (c) Correct (d) Wrong

Question. Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the Security Council?
(a) Nuclear capability
(b) It has been a member of the UN since its inception.
(c) It is located in Asia.
(d) India’s growing economic power and stable political system.
Answer: (d)

Question. The UN agency concerned with the safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology is:
(a) The UN Committee on Disarmament
(b) International Atomic Energy Agency
(c) UN International Safeguard Committee
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (b)

Question. Which of the following is a genuine contender for becoming a permanent member of Security Council?
(a) China
(b) France
(c) India
(d) Pakistan
Answer: (c)

Question. Which of the following is not a member of G-8?
(a) Japan
(b) China
(c) Italy
(d) Canada
Answer: (b)

Question. Who is the Single Largest Contributor of the UN?
(a) Japan
(b) China
(c) Germany
(d) America 
Answer: (d)

Question. How many countries are members of the UN?
(a) 188
(b) 190
(c) 192
(d) 194
Answer: (c)

Question. Which of the following organisations is meant for Children?
(a) UNESCO
(b) UNICEF
(c) UNHCR
(d) UNHRC 
Answer: (b)

Question. Which of the following has veto power in the Security Council?
(a) America
(b) India
(c) Pakistan
(d) Brazil 
Answer: (a)

Fill in the Blanks:

Question. The highest functionary of the UN is called ______________.
Answer: Secretary General

Question. _______________ is the present UN Secretary General.
Answer: Ban ki moon

Question. The UN Security Council has ______ permanent and ________non permanent member.
Answer: Five, Ten

Question. Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions:
A. 1. Economic and Social Council
2. International Court of Justice
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
4. Security Council
5. UN High Commission for Refugees
6. World Trade Organisation
7. International Monetary Fund
8. General Assembly
9. World Health Organisation
10. Secretariat

B. (a) Oversees the global financial system.
(b) Reservation of international peace and security.
(c) Looks into the economic and social welfare of the member countries.
(d) Safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology.
(e) Resolves disputes between and among member countries.
(f) Provides shelter and medical help during emergencies.
(g) Debates and discusses global issues.
(h) Administration and coordination of UN affairs.
(i) Providing good health for all.
(j) Facilitates free trade among member countries.

Answer: 1. Economic and Social Council—
(c) Looks into the economic and social welfare of the member countries.

2. International Court of Justice—
(e) Resolves disputes between and among member countries.

3. International Atomic Energy Agency—
(d) Safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology

4. Security Council—
(b) Reservation of international peace and security

5. UN High Commission for Refugees—
(f) Provides shelter and medical help during emergencies.

6. World Trade Organisations—
(j) Facilitates free trade among member countries.
7. International Monetary Fund—
(a) Overseas the global financial system.

8. General Assembly—
(g) Debates and discusses global issues.

9. World Health Organisation—
(j) Providing good health for all.

10. Secretariat—
(h) Administration and coordination of UN affairs.

Very short answer type question:

Question. Point out the objectives of the UN?
Answer:  The UN‟s objectives are to prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states.

Question. What is function of International court?
Answer:  The international court solve disputes among nations.

Question. Who told that the United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven but to save it from help?
Answer: Dag Hammarskjold the UN‟s second secretary-general.

Question. What is the function of trusteeship council?
Answer: The trusteeship council monitors and supervises the administration of trust territories.

Question. What is the danger of atmospheric temperature rise?
Answer: As atmospheric temperature rise, there is a danger that sea levels will also rise there by submerging many coastal areas of the world including huge cities.

Question. What is Agra summit?
Answer:  The meeting between Pakistan president and India‟s prime minister in Agra is known as Agra summit.

Question. Name any two military alliances?
Answer:  NATO and SEATO

Question. When was the United Nations established?
Answer: The United Nations was established on 24 October, 1945. 

Question. What are human rights?
Answer:  Human rights are those rights which every human being must enjoy.

Question. When is the United Nations day celebrated?
Answer:  United Nations day is celebrated on 24 October every year.

Question. How many countries are the members of United Nations at present?
Answer:  At present there are 188 members of the United Nations.

Question. Name the chemicals that causes atmospheric temperatures rise?
Answer:  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFS‟s)

Question. Mention the five permanent members of the United Nations?
Answer:  The United State Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China.

Question. Who is present Secretary General of the United Nations?
Answer: Ban-Ki-Moon from South Korea.

Question. Name any two member states of the European Union who are permanent members of the UN Security Council.
Answer: Britain and France

Question. What is the main objective of the United Nations?
Answer: To prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states.

Question. Mention any two agencies of the United Nations.
Answer: 1. International Monetary Fund.
2. World Health Organisation.
Answer: Amnesty International is an NGO, which was established to campaign for protection of human rights all over the world. Its objective is to promote respect for all the human beings and human rights in the universal declaration of Human Rights.

Question. How many member countries have got veto power in the UN Security Council and why?
Answer: Five permanent member countries i.e France, Russia, UK, the US, China got veto power because they have been emerged as industrialised developed countries to stall any decision.

Question. Mention any two advantages of having international organisation in the world?
Answer: 1. To help countries in the matters of conflicts and differences.
2. To make the countries cooperate and create better living conditions for humanity.

Question. State any two objectives of the UN.
Answer: 1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To facilitate cooperation among member countries by avoiding conflicts and war.

Question. State any two objectives of Human Rights watch.
Answer: 1. To draw global media’s attention to human rights abuses.
2. To help in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban land-mines, to stop the use of child soldier, and to establish international criminal court.

Question. What reforms in the UN are required?
Answer: Following reforms are required in the UN:
1. Reform of the organisation’s structures and processes.
2. A review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organisation.
3. Reforms are required due to certain limitations to the UN i.e. only five members on permanent basis in the UN Security Council and their veto power, dominance of few powerful countries etc.

Question. Discuss the resolution adopted by General Assembly in 1992 over the reform of the UN Security Council.
Answer: In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, which reflected three main complaints:
1. The UN Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.
2. Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and are dominated by a few7 powers.
3. It lacks equitable representation. Considering above mentioned demands for restructuring of the UN on 01 January 1997, the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an enquiry into how the UN should be reformed.

Question. What is the veto power? Should it be modified?
Answer: The veto power is a negative vote to stall any decision by five permanent members of UN Security Council. Sometimes the moves have been made to modify this but it is presumed to have a danger to lose interest by great powers, and without their support and involvement such organisation would become ineffective.

Short answer type question:

Question. What are the functions of Security Council?
Answer: Its main function is to maintain peace and security in the world and the other functions are as follows:
1. The Security Council recommends methods to adjust disputes among nations.
2. Security Council can take military action if required.
3. Security Council elects the judges of International Court of Justice and appoints the Secretary General by recommending to the General Assembly.
4. Security Council can apply economic sanction also to stop any aggression.
5. The Security Council can investigate the disputes in case a friction arises.

Question. As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of Security Council? Justify your proposal.
Answer: As a citizen of India, we may support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of Security Council through various reasons:
• India is the second most populous country in the world with one-fifth of world population.
• India is world’s largest democracy.
• India has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN.
• Its role in the UN’s peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
• India’s economic emergence on the World Stage.
• India is a regular financial contributor to the UN.
• India signifies a growing importance in world affairs in conduct of its foreign policy.

Question. Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN.
Answer: The following are the question marks in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN:
1. How big an economic and military power may qualify to become UNSC membership?
2. What level of budget contribution should be enabled?
3. No guarantee to be effective as Council Member in respect for democracy and human rights.
4. Why should the issue of equitable representation decided by geography? Why not by levels of economic development?
5. Why not to give more seats to members of developing world?
All the above mentioned criteria which were adopted bud not universally accepted. Hence,the difficulties were involved.

Question. Though the UN has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation. What makes the UN an indispensable organisation?
Answer: 1. Interdependence and globalisation is not possible without the international organisations such as the UN.
2. To enforce cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc.
3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the world,, the UN and its specialised agencies are always required.
4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible way.
5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.

Question. “Reforming the UN means restructuring of the Security Council”. Do you agree with this statement? Give arguments for or against this position.
Answer: Yes, we agree with the statement because Security Council plays a crucial role in functioning of the UN. In today’s scenario power equations have been changed with the disintegration of USSR and many new countries are entering into the UN:
1. The UN charter has given a privileged position to permanent members to bring stability all over the world. This position remains the same and no one is allowed to enter.
2. Except permanent members enjoy veto power to be placed in a valuable position.
3. Permanent members category is from industrialised developed country which should be balanced by enhancing representation from developing countries to become either permanent or non-permanent members.
4. Hence, Security Council should reform and improve its working to make the UN more effective i.e., inclusion of member states should be judged on the basis of contribution to peace keeping initiatives.

Question. Write a note on world Health organisation?
Answer: World Health Organization (WHO) – WHO is a special agency of the United Nations. It works for the improvement of health and prevention and control of diseases.
The service of WHO include extending technical cooperation for health among nations, and carrying out programs to control and eradicate diseases, if also undertakes, International research projects on a number of diseases. It trains personnel of different countries to compact diseases like malaria, TB Aids and to be promote maternal and child health, nutrition, environmental sanitation etc. Who established in 1948 and is headed by a director General. Its need quarters is at Geneva (Switzerland)

Question. Write a note on International monetary fund?
Answer:  The international monetary fund (IMF) is an international organisation that oversees those financial institutions and regulations that act the international level. The IMF has 184 members‟ countries, but they did not enjoy an equal say. The top ten countries have 55 percent of the votes. They are the G-8 members (The US, Japan, Germany, France, The UK, Italy, Canada and Russia) Saudi Arabia and China. The US alone has 17.4 percent voting rights.

Question. Give the main objectives of United Nations and the methods suggested for their realization?
Answer: United Nations is a world organisation. It has been formed to control the wars and to establish and maintain peace in the world. At present about 184 countries are its members. This organisation came in to existence and was formally inaugurated on October 24, 1945. The need office of United Nations is situated in New York (America) its aims or objectives are:-
(i) To maintain international peace and security.
(ii) To establish friendly relations among the nations.
(iii) To make efforts to solve economic social and humanitarian problems.
(iv) To bring all the nation on the one stage to achieve the above mentioned ends to be bring co-ordination among their efforts.
The methods suggested for all realisation of these objectives are:-
(1) To practice tolerance.
(2) To unite in maintaining international peace and security.
(3) To ensure that armed forces shall not be used express in common interest.

Question. Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the U.N.
Answer: In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which reflected three main complaints—
• The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.
• Its decisions reflect only Western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers.
• It lacks equitable representation. In view of these growing demands for the restructuring of the UN, on 1 January, 1997, the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into how the UN should be reformed. How for instance, should new Security Council members be chosen?
1. India’s nuclear weapon capabilities
2. If India is included, some emerging powers (Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Africa) will also be accommodated.
3. France and the US advocate that Africa and South America must be represented for they do not have any representation in the present structure.

Question. What steps should be taken to make the UN more relevant in the changing context?
Answer: (a) Creation of Peace Building Commission.
(b) Acceptance of responsibility of international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
(c) Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
(d) An agreement to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question. “Reforming the UN means restructuring of the security council”, Do you agree with this statement? Give arguments for or against this position?
Answer:  Yes I agree with the statement that informing the UN means restructuring of the Security Council. Security Council is an important organ of the United Nations which is mainly responsible for ensuring peace in the world. It is the Security Council which finally approves all the important matters. The Security Council is composed of 15 members of which five are permanent members and 10 are non permanent members elected by the general assembly for a period of two years. Each member of Security Council has one vote. The charter of the UN gave the permanent members a privileged position to bring about stability in the world after the Second World War. The main privileges of the five permanent members are permanency and the veto power. The permanent member can vote in a negative manner so that even if all other permanent and non permanent members vote for a particular decision, any permanent is negative vote can shay the decision.
In the events of threat to peace or occurrence of war between two or more countries, the Security Council has the power to take appropriate measures to restore peace and security. As the Security Council is powerful organ its information is necessary, So that more countries could be accommodated in it.

Question. Describe any six criteria for the new membership of Security Council as suggested after 1997.
Answer: A new member, as suggested after 1997, should be
(i) A major economic power
(ii) A major military power.
(iii) A substantial contributor to the UN budget.
(iv) A big nation in terms of its populations.
(v) A nation that respects democracy and human rights
(vi) A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in terms of geography, economic system, and culture.

Question. Examine the role played by India in the implementation of UN policies and programmes.
Answer: 1. India believes that a strengthened and revitalised UN is desirable in the changing world.
2. India also supports an enhanced role for the UN in promoting development and cooperation among states.
3. India believes that the development should be central to the UN’s agenda as it is a vital precondition for the maintenance of international peace and security.
4. India debates more representation in Security Council may enjoy greater support in world community.
5. India has major concern about restructuring of UN Security Council.
6. India supports the role of developing countries should be represented in Security Council in decision making.

Question. How far did the UN perform its role successor fully in maintaining peace in the world? Explain.
Answer: 1. Interdependence and globalisation is not possible without the international organisations such as the UN.
2. To enhance cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc.
3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the world, the UN and its specialized agencies are always required.
4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible.
5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing any related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.

Question. Suggest any six steps since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context.
Answer: In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th anniversary and leaders decided to make it more relevant in the changing context by following steps:
1. Creation of Peace Building Commission.
2. Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council (Operational Since 19 June 2006).
4. Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6. Creation of a Democracy Fund.
7. An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

Question. Can the UN serve as a balance against the US dominance?
Answer: No, the UN can not serve against the US dominance in a comfort zone because:
1. The US has been the only superpower after 1991 and may ignore international organisations economically and militarily.
2. Its veto power can stop any move damaging its interests.
3. The US enjoys a considerable degree of say in the selection of the UN Secretary General.
Besides the above mentioned grounds, the UN is playing an effective role to argument against the US attitudes and policies and makes compromises and concessions even or the part of the US. The EU performs as an important bloc in International Economic Organisations such as WTO but SAARC has initiated SAFTA only to cooperate economically
among its member states.

 

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:

Countries have conflict and differences with each other. That does not necessarily mean they must go to war to deal with their antagonisms. They can instead discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solutions, indeed, even though this is rarely noticed most conflicts and differences are resolved without going to war. The role of an international organisation is not a super-state with authority over its members. It is created by and responds to states. It comes into being when states agree to its creation. Once created, it can help member states resolve their problems peacefully.

Questions

Question. Is this necessary to engage into wars during conflicts among countries?
Answer: No, instead countries can discuss contentious issues to find peaceful solutions.

Question. Is an international organisation a super state?
Answer:  No, it is created by and responds to states and comes into being when study agrees to its creation.

Question. What is the significance of international organisation?
Answer: To help member states to resolve problems peacefully without going to war.

2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:

By 2006, the UN had 192 member states. These included almost all independent states. In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each. In the UN Security Council,
there are five permanent members. These are the US, UK, Russia, France, China. These states were selected as permanent members as they were most powerful immediately after the Second World War and because they constituted the victors in the war.

Questions

Question. How many member states were there in the UN 2006?
Answer: There were 192 member states in the UN by 2006.

Question. Name five permanent members of UN Security Council.
Answer: The UK, US, China, Russia and France are the permanent members.

Question. Why these states were selected as permanent?
Answer:  Because they were most powerful immediately after the Second World War and constituted the victors in the war.

Picture/Map Based Questions

Al. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions

Question. What does the cartoon represent?
Answer:  It represents role of the UN on attack on Lebanan by Israeli forces.

Question. Who is the person being commented in the cartoon?
Answer: The UN Secretary General.

Question. What message does the cartoon convey?
Answer: It conveys message on relevance of the UN as immediate follow-up was not there by Israeli forces despite passing a resolution from the UN.

2. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions

Question. What does the cartoon represent?
Answer: A humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan.

Question. What type of crisis does the cartoon show?
Answer:  Starvation, genocide, horror etc.

Question. What message does the cartoon convey?
Answer:  ‘A Big Helping of Words’ only because during these crises, the international organisations performed debates, speeches on these but no actual aid or support was reached to peoples.

B. On a political outline map of the world locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions

Question. Five permanent members of UN Security Council and symbolise them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Answer: 1. France
2. Russia
3. The UK
4. The US
5. China

Question. Locate and label peace keeping operations.
Answer:  (A) Cyprus 1964
(B) Lebanon 1978
(C) Israel 1974
(D) Sudan 2005
(E) East Timor 2006