NEET UG Biology Growth and Development In plants MCQs

IMPORTANT POINTS

• In plants development is considered as the sum of these processes - (1) Growth and (2) Differentiation.

• During this process a complex body organisation is formed that produces roots, leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, seeds eventually they die.

• Growth can be defined as an irreversible increase in the size and weight also number of the cells of an organism. Physiologically speaking, growth is an outcome of metabolism. There is an increase in the dry weight as an outcome of growth.

• In plants, growth is limited to meristematic tissues only. There are three main activities involved in the process of growth -

   (1) Cell division of meristemic cells.

   (2) Enlargement of newly formed cells.

   (3) Cellular differentiation.

• Growth in length is called- primary growth and growth in the girth is called- secondary growth. The increased growth per unit time is known as growth rate.

• Growth is divided in to three phases:

   (1) Phase of cell division.

   (2) Phase of cell enlargement and

   (3) Phase of cell differentiation.

The entire period, covering the period from cell divison to cell differentiation is called grand period of growth.

• Some cells lose power of division and acquire definite characteristics and become permanant tissue. This are called differentiated cells. Such differentiated cells regain their power of division under specefic conditions; this cells are called dedifferentiated cells (eg. root cambium)

• Factors which affect growth are water, oxygen, temperature, light and nutrients. For a more exact measurement of growth in length of a plant, an auxonometer is used.

• Development is a term that includes all changes, that an organism goes through during its life cycle from germination of the seed to senescence. The plant growth regulaters (PGRS) are small, simple, molecules of diverse chemical composition. Such chemicals are called plant-growth regulators or plant hormones. They are classified in to five main groups: (1) Auxins, (2) Gibberrelins, (3) Cytokinins, (4) Abscisic acid and (5) Ethylene. Some of the vitamins also act as growth-regulators.

• Seed dormarcy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions or external factors normaly are favorable for germination. There are mainly four types of dormancy: (1) Exogenous dormancy, (2) Endogenous dormancy, (3) Combinational dormancy, (4) Secdonary dormancy. The entire process from the showing of the seed in the soil to the emergence of a young sapling, consititutes germination. “Mangrooves” are a special type of vegetation which live in the basin (creek) region around sea-shore. They exhibit a different kind of germination, Such a germination is called “Viviparous germination”.

• Senescence is a period between complete maturation of an individual and the death of that individual. The phenomenon of the dropping of leaf, flower and fruit is called-abscission. In the development of plants and process of flowering, response to the stimulus of “period of available light” by plants is called photoperiodism. Better and earliar germination is induced, when seeds are provided with specific low temperatures for a definite period of time. Flowering is also earlier in the plants which develop from them. This artificial treatment is called vernalization.

• There are two main types of plant movements; (a) Locomotory movement (1) Autonomous movement; (i) Amoebic movement; (ii) Induced movement; (iii) Circulatory movement and (iv) Rotation movement. (2) Induced movment (i) Phototaxis, (ii) Chematoxis (iii) Thermotaxis, (iv) Thigmotaxis. (b) Curvature movements: (1) Autonomous movement (i) Epinasty, (ii) Hyponasty, (iii) Nutation, (iv) Circunutation and (v) Variation. (2) Induced movement: There are two type: (i) Tropism, (a) Phototropism, (b) Geotropism, (c) Hydrotropism and (ii) Nastism, (a) Photonasty, (b) Thermonasty (c) Hydronasty, (d) Thigmonasty

1. What is the maximum period of growth ?

(a) Slow growth rate   (b) Steady growth rate   (c) Speedy growth rate   (d) Senescence phase

2. Which apparatus is used for measurement of growth ?

(a) Auxanometer   (b) Potometer   (c) Photometer   (d) Hydrometer

3. Ethylene is responsible for

(a) Flowering   (b) Disease in roots   (c) Ripping of fruits   (d) Formation of fruits

4. What is the cause of `Bakane’ disease?

(a) Fungi   (b) Algae   (c) Bacteria   (d) Virus

5. Which substances are secreted at the apex of plant and they regulates growth of another region ?

(a) Enzymes   (b) Hormones   (c) Vitamins   (d) None of the above

6. Which type of growth is seen in plants?

(a) Irreversible   (b) Increase in volume   (c) Local 

7. Which of the following sustance is not related with initiation of growth ?

(a) ABA (b) Gibberrelin (c) IAA (d) Cytokinin

8. Which group is correct for the growth inducer hormone ?

(a) IAA, ABA and cytokinins (b) IAA, Gibberrelin, ABA

(c) IAA, Gibberrelin, cytokinins (d) ABA, Ethylene

9. What is the main origin of cytokinin?

(a) Stem apex (b) Root apex (c) Young leaves (d) Lateral buds

10. Mention the effect of cytokinin

(a) It induces cell division and retards the process of senescence

(b) It maintains dormancy

(c) It induces senescence

(d) It inhibits cell division

11. Give full form of 2-4-D

(a) 2-4 dichloro phenoxy acetic acid

(b) 2-4 dichloro butyric acid

(c) 2-4 dichloro nepthalic acetic acid

(d) 2-4 dichloro ethylenic acid

12. Which of the following stimulates growth in the internode region ?

(a) Auxin (b) Gibberrelin (c) Cytokinin (d) Abscisic acid

13. Oat - coleoptile test (coleoptile-test) is conducted for which hormone ?

(a) Abscisic acid (b) Gibberrelic acid (GA)

(c) Indole acetic acid (IAA) (d) Indole naphthalne acetic acid (INAA)

14. Gibberrelin participate in which of the following process?

(a) Removal of seed dormancy (b) Developing seed less fruit

(c) Growth of internodes (d) All of the above

15. Tropic movement is due to

(a) Bidirectional effect of environmental factors on plant parts

(b) Unidirectional effect of environmental factors on plant parts

(c) Multidirectional effect of environmental factors on plant parts

(d) No effect of environmental factors on plant parts

16. Which is the correct sequence for different phases of growth?

(a) Cell formation of cell differentiation- cell elongation

(b) Cell formation - cell elongation- cell differentiation

(c) Cell differentiation- cell elongation- cell formation

(c) Cell differentiation- cell formation- cell elongation

17. What is the period of cell formation to cell differntiation ?

(a) Sigmoid graph (b) Normal growth period

(c) Maximum growth period (d) Grand period of growth

18. What is the required temperature for growth in most of the plants?

(a) 20-30 °C (b) 35-40 °C (c) 10-15 °C (d) 15-20 °C

19. Zeatin is an example of

(a) ABA (b) Auxin (c) Gibberrellin (d) Cytokinin

20. Spiral developement of tendrils? 

(a) Thigmotropism (b) Thermotropism

(c) Hydrotropism (d) Phototropism

21. State the full form of IAA 

(a) Indole- 3 acetic anhydrase (b) Indole-3 acetic acid

(c) Indole- 3 aceto acetate (d) Indole-3 aceto-aceti

22. Which of the following physiological process performed by gibberrelic acid?

(a) Dwarfism of tall plant genetically

(b) Elongation of short plant genetically

(c) Growth in size of stem and root formation

(d) Yellowing of young leaves

23. Which of the following is used to enhance colour of fruits and more juice in fruits unnaturally?

(a) Sodium chloride (b) IAA (c) Ethylene gas (d) kinetin

24. Which hormone is responsible for apical dominance?

(a) Auxin (b) Cytokinin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Ethylene

25. With which reaction Phytochrome is associated ?

(a) Phototropism (b) Photorespiration (c) Photo-period (d) Geotropism

26. In the absence of light, amount of which of the following is increased ?

(a) Absorption of mineral salts (b) Absorption of water

(c) Elongation of internodes (d) Ascent of sap

27. When is abscission- layer formed?

(a) With increased concentration of auxin (b) With decreased concentration of auxin

(c) With increased concentration of gibberrelin (d) With decreased concentraton of gibberelin

28. Vernalization is

(a) Growth graph related to light

(b) Effect of photoperiod on the growth of plant, which results flowering

(c) Rapid growth in low temperature

(d) Daily photo period

29. What is initiative substance of IAA? 

(a) Tryptophan (b) Lucine (c) Tyrosine (d) Phehyl alamine

30. What is apical dominance? 

(a) Growth of apical bud is inhibited due to nearby lateral buds

(b) Growth of apical bud is promoted due to removal of nearest lateral buds

(c) Removal of apical bud hinders growth of lateral buds

(d) Development of lateral buds hinders due to presence of apical bud

31. Which of the following is water stress hormone?

(a) Benzyl amino purine (b) 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

(c) Ethylene (d) Abscisic acid

32. If apical region of stem is removed from any plant, what is observed?

(a) New apical bud formation (b) Length of main stem increases

(c) Plant dies (d) Lateral branches emerges

33. Which of the hormone is synthetic ? 

(a) GA₃ (b) GA₂ (c) IAA (d) 2-4 D

34. What is 2-4 D ?

(a) Weedicide (b) Insecticide (c) Rodenticide (d) Wormicide

35. What is agent Orange ? 

(a) Weedicide with dioxin (b) Chemical used in luminiscent plant

(c) Insectide which is biodegradable (d) Colour used in tube light

36. One plant group kept for 12 hrs in day and 12 hrs in night and flowering is observed in it.

Another plant group is kept similarly for day - night period and for very short time light is given during dark period it do not flower. What is such type of plant called ?

(a) Long-day plants (b) Day-neutral plants

(c) Medium-day plants (d) Short-day plants

37. How gibberrelin accelerates seed germination ?

(a) By effecting rate of cell division (b) By the synthesis of digestive juice

(c) Abscisic acid (d) Absorption of water from hard seed coat

38. What is the colour of Phytochrome pigment ?

(a) Yellowish green (b) Bluish (c) Red (d) Pink

39. What is the reason of senescence leaf ?

(a) Ethylene (b) Abscisic acid (c) cytokinin (d) Auxin

40. Which hormone is responsible for bolting ?

(a) Auxin (b) Cytokinin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Ethylene

41. Which hormone is synthesized by root and endosperm?

(a) Auxin (b) Cytokinin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Ethylene

42. Which hormone is responsible for growth of leaf-apex ?

(a) IAA (b) Zeatin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Ethylene

43. How can a biannual plant be converted into an annual plant?

(a) By cold process of seeds

(b) By giving more light

(c) By giving more oxygen

(d) By giving more temperature

44. Which of the following reaction is observed in droping of drocera due to insects ?

(a) Thigmonasty (b) Chemotropism(c) Photonasty (d) Thigmotropism

45. What is responsible for opening and closing of tulip flower ?

(a) Photonastic movement (b) Geotropism

(c) Thermonasty (d) Nictinasty

46. By which reaction growth of cuscuta occurs on host plant ?

(a) Thigmotropism (b) Chemtropism (c) Thigmonasty (d) Photonast

47. Which type of meristematic tissue is found in monocot plant for growth ?

(a) Intercalary meristematic tissue (b) Apical meristem tissue

(c) Lateral meristem tissue (d) Meristematic tissue

48. Which of the following is increased in plants as a result of growth ?

(a) Dry volume (b) Width (c) Number (d) Dry weight

49. Which of the following is criteria for measurement of growth ?

(a) Number (b) Weight (c) Volume (d) All a, b, c

50. In which phase of growth size of vacuole increases ?

(a) Cell formation (b) Cell elongation (c) cell difterentiation (d) Cell transfer

51. What is the optimum temperature for growth of the plants ?

(a) 25 to 30^oC (b) 28 to 30^oC (c) 0 to 30^oC (d) 0 to 28^oC

52. Which apparatus is used for exact measuring of growth of plants in longitudinal axis ?

(a) Measuring scale (b) Auxanometer (c) Manometer (d) Sphigomanometer

53. Growth regulators are chemically ____

(a) Organic chemicals (b) Inorganic chemicals (c) Minerals (d) Vitamins

54. From where auxin was isolated for the first time ?

(a) Coleoptile of oat (b) Sperm cell of herring fish

(c) Paddy plant (d) Human urine

55. Which of the following should be used for the control of weeds in farms ?

(a) Cytokinin (b) Auxin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Ethylene

56. Which chemical induces formation of adventitious roots ?

(a) Gibberrelin (b) IAA (c) Abscisic acid (d) Cytokinins

57. Which is incorrect for the effects of auxin ?

(a) Induces +ve phototropism (b) Induces growth and length in stem

(c) Shows apical dominance (d) Induces -ve phototropism in roots

58. Which of the following organic substance is growth inhibitor ?

(a) IBA (b) ABA (c) IAA (d) GA

59. From where indole acetic acid an organic substance was isolated for the first time ?

(a) Animal fat (b) Gibberrela (c) Human urine (d) Fish

60. Cytokinin is formed in which of the following region ?

(a) Region of cell elongation (b) Regions of senescence

(c) Regions of cell division (d) Regions of abscission

61. Which hormone reduces the dominance of apical bud ?

(a) Auxin (b) ABA (c) Ethylene (d) Cytokinin

62. Which is incorrect option for cytokinin ?

(a) Retards senescence (b) Secreted in the region of active cell division

(c) Increases dominance of apical bud (d) Stimulates cell division

63. Drooping of fruit, after fruit maturation (ripening) shows _____

(a) Increase in amount of auxin (b) Decreases in amount of auxin

(c) Reduces in amount of ABA (d) Increase gibberrelic acid

64. Which of the following is mismatched statement for effect of auxin ?

(a) It inhibits lateral growth (b) It induces stem elongation in plant

(c) It induces cell division (d) It helps in further elongation of some regions

65. Which hormore is essential for initial growth of root ?

(a) IBA (b) GA (c) ABA (d) Kinetin

66. Which is the specific use of synthetic auxin in higher concentration ?

(a) Weedicide

(b) Inhibits growth of lateral buds

(c) Inhibits initial process of root formation

(d) Regulates cell elongation

67. Which of the following organic chemical is synthetic ?

(a) 2-4-D (b) IAA (c) GA (d) IBA

68. Which is required to inhibit germination of food storing part of potato ?

(a) ABA (b) IAA (c) IBA (d) GA

69. This hormone induces growth of root but inhibits growth of _____

(a) Apical bud (b) Unfertilized fruit developement

(c) Lateral buds (d) Root

70. What is indicated by any of the developing plant if it increase / hyperactivity in lateral buds ?

(a) It obtains more light (b) Cytokinin decreases

(c) It stores more food (d) Auxin decreases

71. From where gibberrelin was isolated for the first time ?

(a) Penicillium (b) Asparagus (c) Mucor (d) Gibberella

72. Which of the following effect of gibberrelin is observed in plant ?

(a) Long plant shortens (b) Dwarf plant grows in longitudinal axis

(c) Induces formation of root system (d) Yellowing of young leaves

73. Which of the following hormone is responsible for cell division ?

(a) GA (b) IAA (c) Cytokinin (d) Abscisic acid

74. Garland of green leaves remain green, by treatment of which organic chemical ?

(a) Cytokinin (b) Auxin (c) Ethylene (d) Gibberrelin

75. Which hormone inhibits senescence of vegetative parts and plants ?

(a) Auxin (b) Cytokinin (c) Gibberrelin (d) Abscisic acid

76. Which is natural growth inhibitor or senescence inducing hormone ?

(a) IAA (b) ABA (c) NAA (d) GA

77. Which hormone affects the growth of plant in adverse climatic / environmental condition ?

(a) Abscisic acid (b) Ethylene (c) NAA (d) 2-4, D

78. Which of the following phenomenon is regulated by abscisic acid ?

(a) Shoot elongation (b) Origin of cell wall and cell elongation

(c) Opening and closing of stomata (d) Abscission of leaf and dormancy

79. Which hormone inhibits formation of new cells ?

(a) Abscisic acid (b) Kinetin (c) Gibberrelic acid (d) Indol-butaric acid

80. Which of the following is responsible for seed dormancy ?

(a) Abscissic acid (b) Ethylene (c) Gibberrelin (d) Auxin

81. Name the hormone responsible for activity of chlorophyll in leaves.

(a) Cytokinin (b) Ethylene (c) Gibberrelin (d) ABA

82. Which of the following is simple, volatile hormone ?

(a) Ethylene (b) ABA (c) IAA (d) Cytokinin

83. Which of the following statement about ABA is inappropriate ?

(a) Induces ripening of fruit (b) Inhibits seed germination

(c) Induces dormancy of bud (d) Closes stomata

84. Which hormone is absent in dormnant seed ?

(a) ABA (b) Auxin (c) GA (d) Ethylene

85. Which of the following statement is true for abscisic acid ?

(a) Inhibits transcription of gene (b) Opens stomata

(c) Reduces senescence (d) Acts as weedicide

86. By which physiological process water enters into seed coats of seed ?

(a) Endosmosis (b) Diffusion (c) Plasmolysis (d) Imbibition

87. What is called the effect of daylight on plant ?

(a) Phototropic (b) Photoperiodism (c) Photooxidation(d) Photonastism

88. Which of the following is correct option for seed germination ?

(a) Emergance of radicle from primary root (b) Emergance of primary root forms from radicle

(c) Development of primary root (d) No root formation

89. What is the rate of respiration during seed germination ?

(a) Slow (b) Steady (c) Rapid (d) Zero

90. Which of the following group show viviparous germination ?

(a) Rhizophora and Avicinnia (b) Orchid and Rhizophora

(c) Maize and Bean (d) Soyabean and Xanthium

91. Which of the following is found in high concentration in healthy leaf ?

(a) Cytokinin (b) Gibberrelin (c) Auxin (d) Ethylene

92. From the given below which is short-day plant ?

(a) Paddy (b) Wheat (c) Oat (d) Opium

93. Which of the following is long-day plant ?

(a) Oat (b) Soyabean (c) Vinca (d) Padd

94. Which hormones are obtained from fungi and fish, respectively ?

(a) Gibberrelin and zeatin (b) IAA and IBA

(b) Gibberrelin and 2-4 D (d) Gibberrelin and cytokinin

95. Vernalization means _____

(a) Growth Graph

(b) Flowering at high temperature

(c) Effect of light on growth

(d) Speedy flowering at low temperature

96. Flowering due to low temperature is ____

(a) Thermonasty (b) Vernalization (c) Nutation (d) Photonasty

97. If temporary light is made available for dark phase of long day plant, what is observed ?

(a) Flowering will not occur (b) Increase in flowering

(c) Decreasing in flowering (d) No change

98. Which is an essential temperature for more production of wheat by noting effect of low temperature ?

(a) 1to 20°C (b) 28to30°C (c) 1to10°C (d) 25to30°C

99. By which condition flowering take place in short day plant ?

(a) Short day and long night (b) Short day and short night

(c) Short night (d) Long day and short night

100. Which type of light is required in long day plants for flowering ?

(a) Red light (b) More light than alloted period

(c) Less light than alloted time period (d) All of the given

101. Where is phytochrome pigment present ?

(a) Fungi (b) Algae (c) Bryophyta (d) Phanerogams

102. Which physilogical reaction is essential for development leaftendril ?

(a) Curvature (b) Nastism (c) Circumnutation (d) Tropism

103. Photoperiodism is _____

(a) Time table of day-night based on light (b) Flowering plant

(c) Effect of length of day on flowering (d) Irregular growth based on light

104. Which hormone is essential in pineapple for inducing flowering, without season ?

(a) Ethylene (b) Zeatin (c) Abscisic acid (d) NAA

105. Which of the following plant shows rotational movement ?

(a) Volvox (b) Chlamydomonas (c) Hydrilla (d) Mucilagenous fungi

106. Which of the following is example of amoeboid movement ?

(a) Algae (b) Fungi

(c) Gamates of bryophyta (d) Hydrilla

107. Which of the following option shows an examples of cilliary movement ?

(a) Zoo spores and Bryophyta (b) Chlamydomonas

(c) Slime mould (d) All the three a, b, c

108. Which plant show movement from intense light to dim light ?

(a) Volvox (b) Lotus (c) Hydrilla (d) Plankton

109. Which of the following show movement by chemical ?

(a) Male gametes of bryophytes and pteridophytes

(b) Male gamets of fungi and algae

(c) Male gametes of gymanosperm and and angiosperms

(d) Flower of tulip and croccus

110. Which of the following is an example of thermonasty ?

(a) Lotus (b) Crocus

(c) Mimosa (d) Sunflower

111. In which structure thigmonasty is observed in simple form ?

(a) Leaf apex (b) Shoot apex (c) Root apex (d) Leaf tendril

112. Demonstration of cytoplasmic movement in living cell can be observed in _____

(a) Onion cells (b) Medullary cells

(c) Leaf cells of tradescantia (d) Cells of vascular bundle

113. Which factor increases in plant in absence of light ?

(a) Availability of water, increases ascent of sap.

(b) Availability of mineral ion, increases mineral nutrition

(c) Area of leaf-blade increase, rate of transpiration increases.

(d) Length of internode increases, growth of plant in longitudinal axis.

114. Sensitivity of leaves in Mimosa, depends on which factor ?

(a) Temperature (b) Light (c) Water (d) Touch

115. Movement of cilia in Drocera, depends on which factor ?

(a) Light (b) Temperature (c) Touch (d) Osmosis

116. Which are the labelled part A and B ?

(a) Fruit and plumale

(b) Plumule and radicle

(c) Fruit and radicle

(d) Plumule and cotyledon