CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age Of Industrialization Notes

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF THE LESSON
1. An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to protect
2. The members interest and supervise the standard of the work.
3. Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
4. Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
5. Victorian Britain. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.
6. Brewery. A place where beer etc. is brewed commercially. Brewing is a process of infusion, boiling and fermentation.
7. Vagrant.A person without a settled home or regular work.
8. Bourgeois.The upper middle class.
9. Gomastha .An Indian word meaning an agent, a middle man between the merchant and weavers.
10. Stapler.A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.

INDUSTRIALISATION
Production of goods with the help of machines in factories
• The first industrialized Nation-Britain
• Features
• Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory, large scale
production, started in
• England in later parts of 18th Century. In course of time, it affected all systems of production.
Orient. Countries to the east of Mediterranean Sea usually referring to Asia.

BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
PROTO-INDUSTRIALISATION
• Production in 17th century, artisans worked for merchants to produce goods, artisans took
raw material from merchants for production .Their cottages functioned as factory .
• Association of producers, trained craft people maintained control over production, restricted
entry of new traders .Coming of factories

COMING UP OF FACTORIES
• Early factories in England came up by the 1730s .
• First symbol of new era -cotton mill
• Many factories sprang up in England
• A series of inventions in carding, twisting, spinning and rolling .

THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE
• Cotton and iron and steel industries were the most dynamic industries .
• New industries could not displace traditional ones
• Technological changes occurred slowly
• Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years .
• New technologies were slow to be accepted .

HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER
• In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour .
• In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal .
• Range of products could be produced only with hand labour .
• Demand for intricate design .
• Upper classes preferred things produced by hand .

LIFE OF THE WORKER
• Abundance of labour affected the life of workers badly .
• Labour was seasonal .
• Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology
• Women labours protested against the introduction of spinning jenny .
• Introduction of railways opened greater opportunities .

INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES
• Textile industry was the Centre of industrialization in India .

AGE OF INDIAN TEXTILES
• Finer varieties of cotton from India for export .
• A vibrant sea trade operated through pre -colonial ports .

WHAT HAPPENED TO WEAVERS?
• East India Company appointed ”gomasthas “to collect supply from weavers .
• Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans .

MANCHESTER COMES TO INDIA
• By 1950s, India began to import Manchester cotton from Britain .
• With Manchester import Indian export and local market declined .
• Supply of raw cotton in India decreased .
• Weavers were forced to buy cotton at high prices .

FACTORIES COME UP
• Industries were set up in different regions .
• First cotton mill came in Bombay in 1854 .
• 1855 the first jute mill in Bengal .
• 1830s-1840s Dwarakanath Tagore setup six-point stock companies in Bengal .
• Capital was accumulated through other trade network .
• Till the First World War European managing agencies in fact controlled large sectors of Indian industries .

WHERE DID THE WORKERS COME FROM?
• Most of the workers came from Indian villages .

PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
• Early Indian cotton mills made coarse cotton yarn .
• During the First World War Manchester imports to India declined .
• Indian factories supplied goods for war needs .

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES PREDOMINATED
• Most of the Industries were located in Bengal and Bombay .
• A small portion of total industrial labour worked in factories .
• Use of fly shuttle increased handicraft .

MARKET FOR GOODS
• Advertisements helps in creating new consumers .
• Advertisements appear in :
• Newspaper
• Magazine
• Street walls
• Labels
• Calendars

Important Terms and Concepts

1. Orient : The term 'Orient' indicates the regions usually on the east side of the Mediterranean Sea, usually the Asian countries.
2. Proto : The term 'proto' signals the beginning phase of something or early form of something.
3. Guilds : The term 'Guilds' was used for a medieval association of traders, merchants and craftsmen often having similar goals and who exercised considerable control over trading activities.
4. Stapler : A person who sorts and staples wool according to its fibre.
5. Fuller : A person whose occupation is fulling cloth or gathers cotton.
6. Carding : The process through which fibre such as cotton or wool are disentangled, cleaned prior to spinning.
7. Breweries : The term 'breweries' refer to factories where beer is manufactured.
8. Aristocrats : A class of people holding privileges and belonged to royal families or to the nobility.
9. Bourgeoisie : The term 'bourgeoisie' refers to the middle or the upper middle class of the society who perceived materialistic values.
10. Gomasthas : The term 'Gomasthas' refers to an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the Company at fixed rates.
11. Jobber : He was a wholesaler whose main task was to recruit workers for the English factories in India. He too was like an agent.
12. Sepoy : The term 'Sepoy' is the English pronunciation for the word 'Sipahi', who was an Indian soldier in the Company's Army or Police services.
13. Carnatic : The term 'Carnatic' refers to the region in South India lying between the Eastern Ghats and Coromandel Coast.
14. Flying Shuttle: The term 'flying shuttle' refers to a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by ropes and pullies.
15. Proto-Industrialisation : It is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on factories but rather created suitable conditions for the establishment of full industrialised cities.
16. Spinning Jenny : It is a machine for spinning more than one spindle, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770.

AT A GLANCE
♦ Trade guilds were association of producers that trained craft people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and price.
♦ A Stapler was a person who stapled or sorted wool according to its fibre.
♦ Richard Arkwright set up the first cotton mill in England
♦ Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
♦ Gomasthas were paid servants who would supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
♦ Fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for weaving.
♦ A jobber was an old trusted worker employed by the industrialists to get new recruits.
♦ The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay in 1854.
♦ ‘Proto Industrialization’ meant large scale production of goods for international market ,not based on the modern factory system.

Summary

WHAT IS PROTO INDUSTRIALIZATION?
Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was largescale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as -industrialisation.

HOW WAS PRODUCTION DONE IN THE PROTO INDUSTRIALIAZATION PHASE?
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and  rtisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.

WHY DID MERCHANTS MOVED TO THE COUNTRYSIDE?
INCREASED DEMAND: With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.

POWERFUL URBAN CRAFT AND TRADE GUILDS IN THE TOWNS
merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

WHY DID PEOPLE IN THE COUNTRY SIDE ACCEPTED THE OFFER MADE BY THE MERCHANTS?
1. DISAPPERING OPEN FIELD SYSTEM: open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income.Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to producegoods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.

2. FULL UTILIZATION OF FAMILY AND LABOUR RESOURCES: Many farmers had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP B/W TOWNS AND COUNTRY SIDE?
Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool, and carried it to the spinners; the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers,, and then to dyers. The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market. London in fact came to be known as a finishing centre. This proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges.

DISCUSS THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ENGLAND
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied A SERIES OF INVENTIONS in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (, twisting and spinning, and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.

INVENTION OF THE COTTON MILL
Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. All th4e production processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

WHICH WERE THE SECTORS WHICH UNDERWENT INDUSTRIALIZATION?
1. cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. 2. iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export

EVEN THOUGH STEAM ENGINE WAS INVENTED IN 1781, IT WAS NOT INSTANTLY ACCEPTED BY ALL ?
.A. James Watt improved the steam engine by Newcoman and Mathew Boulton, the industrialist, manufactured the new model. Yet it was not accepted by all production sector as the pace of industrialization was slow till the mid 19 century

-
REASONS
-

1.New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. The machines were not effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

2. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in
technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic
units
3. The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the steam powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly
ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and
production of implements There was plenty of labour and wages were low.

HOW HAND LABOUR WAS DIFFERENT FROM MACHINES / WHY THE ELITE PREFERRED HAND MADE GOODS?
1.. Hand Labour could produce a range of products. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms and standardized goods for a mass market.
2. The market demand was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes that Only hand labour could produce
1. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes (the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie) preferred things produced by hand. They symbolized refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine-made goods were meant for export to the colonies.

DESCRIBE THE LIFE OF THE WORKERS
The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers
1. As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.
2. Many job- seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to
the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
3. Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work.
After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places.
4. Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. During the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.
5. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.eg when the spinning jenny was introduced women workers started attacking the machines as they feared unemployment

WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE CITIES
INTENSIFICATION OF BUILDING ACTIVITIES: opened up employment opportunities as roads were widened, new railway stations came up,railway lines extended and tunnels were dug up. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE COLONIES 
CASE STUDY INDIA
Before the age of machine industries, SILK AND COTTON GOODS from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India

WHICH WERE THE IMPORTANT SEAPORTS BEFORE ARRIVAL OF BRITISH TO INDIA
• . Surat on the Gujarat Coast connected India to the Gulf and the Red Sea ports.
Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with South-East Asian ports.

• . WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE INDIAN MERCHANTS AND BANKERS
IN THE NETWORK OF EXPORT TRADE BEFORE THE AGE OF MACHINE INDUSTRIES?
THE mer chants gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export
merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland

WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS ON THE THE INDIAN EXPORTS AFTER THE
EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANIES TOOK CONTROL OF TRADE IN INDIA
1. The Indian exports drastically declined
2. The old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined and Bombay and Calcutta grew as new ports
3. Many of the old trading houses collapsed and the Indian Bankers henceforth flourishing on Indian export trade became bankrupt.

 WHICH OTHER EUROPEAN TRADERS COMPETING WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY IN 1760-1770 IN INDIAN MARKETS FOR EXPORTS?
The French, The Dutch and the Portuguese were the other European traders competing with the East India Company in 1760-1770 in Indian markets for exports.

WHAT STEPS TAKEN BY EIC TO ENSURE A REGULAR SUPPLY OF SILK AND COTTON?
1. APPOINTMENT OF A PAID SERVANT CALLED GOMASTHA: . First: the Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
Second: it prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers

2. SYSTEM OF ADVANCES: Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomasthas and. They could not take it to any other trader

WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE GOMASTHAS AND ADVANCE SYSTEM ON THE INDIAN WEAVERS?
1. Many weavers had small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated along with weaving, and the produce from this took care of their family needs. Now they had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving. Weaving, in fact, required the labour of the entire family, with children and women all engaged in different stages of the process.
2. in many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and . the gomasthas who acted arrogantly, marched into villages, and punished weavers for delays
3. In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation
4. . Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

DISCUSS STEPS TAKEN BY EIC TO PROMOTE ITS TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN MANCHESTER
In 1772, HENRY PATULLO, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality.

1.IMPOSITION OF IMPORT DUTIES: import duties were imposed on the I ndian cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

2.FLOODING THE INDIAN MARKET WITH THE CHEAP MACHINE MADE BRITISH GOODS

At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well

WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF MACHINE MADE CLOTH ON THE INDIAN MARKET?
1. SHRINKING OF LOCAL MARKET the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.

2. COLLAPSE OF THE EXPORT MARKET:After imposition of import duties Indian textileslost their world market

3. SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIAL: By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.as the American Civil war broke out and the British cotton supplies from US were cut off and so theyturned to India. Cotton export from India increasedand price of raw cotton shot .

MENTION THE FIRST FACTORIESSET UP IN INDIA BY THE INDIAN ENREPREUNERS
• FIRST COTTON TEXTILE MILL OF INDIA
• Bombay in 1854
• FIRST JUTE MILL IN INDIA
• Seth Hukumchand, a marwary set up the first Indian Juste Mill in Calcutta in 1917.
• WHO WERE THE INDIAN INDUSTRIALISTS / ENTREPRENEURS WHO

TRADED WITH CHINA IN 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES. ?
• Dwarakanath Tagore, Parsis like Dinshah Petit and Jamshedjee Nusserwanjee Tata and Seth Hukumchand and father and grandfather of G.D. Birla traded with China in 18th &
19th centuries.
• Dwarakanath Tagore.
• Dwarakanath Tagore believed that India would develop through Westernization and Industrialization. He invested in shipping, shipbuilding, mining, banking, plantations and
insurance in 1830’s. These were his six joint-stock companies. He traded with China also.
But, his business sank along with those others in the wider business crisis of the 1840’s.
• WHICH WAS THE FIRST IRON AND STEEL MILL OF INDIA
• J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steel mill in India in Jamshedpur in 1907.

WHERE DID THE WORKERS COME FROM?

1. In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. . Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

2. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals. Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta. R.D. Tata, Sir R.J. Tata, and Sir D.J. Tata.

3. Industrialists usually employed a JOBBER to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power.
workers.

NAME THE BIGGEST EUROPEAN MANAGING AGENCIES, WHICH CONTROLLED A LARGE SECTOR OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES
Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co.
1. WHICH FIELDS OF ACTIVITY DID THE EUROPEAN MANAGING AGENCIES INVESTED IN INDIA?

A. Tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheaper rates from the colonial government, mining, indigo and jute were the most important fields of activity in which the European
Managing Agencies invested in India.

DISCUSS THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT HELPED INDIA TO REGAIN ITS MARKET AND HELPED IN INDUSTRIALIZATION?
By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization
1. As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
2. From 1906, moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece- goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
3. Out break of the First World WAR
A. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
B. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours

WHILE CHEAP MACHINE-MADE THREAD WIPED OUT THE SPINNING INDUSTRY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE WEAVERS SURVIVED, DESPITE PROBLEMS/ HOW THE SMALL SCALE INDIAN INDUSTRIES PREDOMINATE?
REASONS
1. This was partly because of technological changes. Handicrafts people adopted new technology if that helped them improve production without excessively pushing up costs.
Eg the invention of the Fly Shuttle a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pulleys. It places the horizontal threads called the weft into the vertical threads (warp). The invention of the Fly Shuttle made it possible for the Indian weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.
A.It increased productivity of worker, speed-up production and reduced labour demand It helped them to compete with mill sector
B. By 1941, over 35% handlooms in India were fitted with Fly Shuttles. Fly Shuttle fittings went up to 70% - 80% in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal.

2. Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, when the rural poor had little to eat, and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth. The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, , mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders,or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production. Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper.

HOW WAS THE MARKETING OF GOODS DONE IN INDIA BY THE BRITISH?
a. THROUGHLABELS: When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. twentieth century.Images of Indian Gods and Goddesses regularly appeared on these labels . It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold.
b. CALENDARS : By the late 19 century manufacturers were printing calendars to popularize their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read..

WHAT MESSAGE WAS CONVEYED THROUGH LABELS, CALENDARS AND ADVERTISMENTS:?
A.ADVERTISMENTS: When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce.
Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

B. LABELS:Images of Gods and Godesses regularly appeared on labels giving it divine approval.When Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India they put the
label made in Manchester which became a symbol of quality

c. CALENDARS: The figures of gods were used to sell new products. Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement
and calendars. The message very often seemed to say: if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal
command, its quality could not be questioned.

- Protective Tariff - To stop the import of certain goods and to protect the domestic goods a tariff was imposed. This tariff was imposed in order to save the domestic goods from the competition of imported goods and also to save the interest of local producers.

- Laissez, Faire - According to the economists, for the fast trade a policy of Laissez Faire should be applied whereby government should neither interfere in trade nor in the industrial production. This policy was introduced by a British economist named Adam Smith.

- Policy of Protection - The policy to be applied in order to protect the newly formed industry from stiff competition.

- Imperial preference - During British period, the goods imported from Britain to India be given special rights and facilities.

- Chamber of commerce - Chamber of commerce was established in the 19th century in order to take collective decisions on certain important issues concerning trade and commerce. Its first office was set up in Madras.

- Nationalist Message - Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message very clearly. They said, if you care for the national then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisement became a vehicle of nationalist message of Swadeshi.

SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?
Answer : 
First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons -
• The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.
• Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.
• The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related materials like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on.

Question. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions .
Answer : 
• Industrialists usually employed jobbers to get new recruits. Very often the
• Jobber was an old and trusted worker.
• He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them to settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
• Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favour he did and started controlling the lives of workers.

Question. What were the problems of Indian weavers at the early 19th century?
Answer : 
• The Indian weavers had to face many problems such as
• Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the
• Price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
• Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.
• System of Advances- the British started the system of advances to regularize the supply.
The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so.
They even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Question. What does the cover picture indicate on the famous book ’Dawn of the century‘?
Answer : 
• The music book published by E.T. Paul had a picture on the cover page announcing the Dawn of the Century
• There is an angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is
• Gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
• The fight is taking into the future.
• Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

Question. What steps were taken by the East India Company to control the market of Cotton and silk goods?
Answer : 
• Appointment of Gomasthas -Britishers appointed paid servants called the Gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
• Introducing advance or loan system .British wanted to prevent wears from dealing with other buyers .Weavers were given loan to purchase raw materials for their production.
• Those who took loan had to hand over the cloth only to gomasthas.

Question. Why did merchants turn to countryside, rather than setting up of business in towns?
Answer : 
• Demand for goods have increased since the European powers had acquired colonies and sold their goods in their colonies.
• But merchants could not expand production with in town because the urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.
• Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products .

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. Explain the main features of Proto –Industrialization?
Answer : 
• Main features of Proto Industrialization-
• Production was not based on factories.
• Large scale home based production for international market.
• Merchants moved to country side and supplied money for artisans to produce for international market.
• It provided alternative source of income.
• Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.
• Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources.
• Close relationship developed between the towns and country side.

Question. How did the British market expand their goods in India?
Answer : 
• Advertisement of product – Advertisement makes products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
• During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products.
• Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels were needed to make the
• Place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label they would feel confident
about buying the clothes.
• Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna and Saraswati were intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat
familiar to the Indian People.
• Printing Calendars to popularize their products: Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses.

Question. The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing ‘.Explain?
Answer : 
Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –
• Production by machines helped to meet the increasing need of the growing population
• Improved means of transport and communication made life easier
• Machines relieved man of the drudgery.
• Machines have brought more leisure.
Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution -
• The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labours.
• Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs
• The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.
• The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism

Question. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Answer : 
• No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost the chance of bargaining.
• Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
• Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after losing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.
• Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply.
• No Profit- as the weavers had to sell their goods to the lenders.

Question. Explain the term ”Age of Industries “
Answer : 
• Inventions & developments which revolutionized the technique of production
• Led to growth of new factory system.
• New machines and steam power replaced human labour.
• Led to the creation of new class- the capitalists and workers
• Migration of people from rural to urban areas.

QUESTION BANK

3 marks
1. Why the hand labour was preferred over machines in Victorian England?
2. In which country was mechanical power preferred and why?
3. Explain any three major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the Industrial revolution.
4. Why did the British merchants engage farmers from the countryside to produce textiles for the market?
5. How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of workers in Britain during the 19th century? Explain with examples

5 marks
1. “The ports of Surat and Hoogly declined by the 18th century.’ Explain.
2. How did Indian entrepreneurs accumulate capital for investment?
3. Advertisement help in creating new consumers. How? Give reasons.

More concepts for faster learning

Key Concepts Of The Chapter

The coming up of Factory
• The Earliest factories in the world came up in Engladn in 1730’s.
• First symbol of this new era was cotton.
• Factors that made it possible : Series of inventions and changes within the process of production.
• All the processes of production were brought under one roof and management.

The pace of Industrial Change
• Industrialisation does not mean only the growth of factory Industties.
• Cotton and metal Industries were changed rapidly and were the most dynamic Industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase (till 1840).
• Iron and steel Industries grew rapidly with the expansion of railways in England from 1840’s and from 1860’s in Colonies.
• New Industries however could not easily displace the existing traditional Industries. By the end of 19th century less than 20% of total workforce was employed in the Industrial sector.
• Other traditional Industries were much less influenced by the steam powered or metal Industries. However they did not remain stagnant either. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sector.

List of the Workesrs in England
• Overall the life of the workers was miserable.
• Scarcity of jobs because of abundance of labor in the market.
• Actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing net work of friendship and kin relations.
• Most of the work was seasonal so prolonged periods without work.
• Real wages fell so poverty increased among workers.
• Fear of underployment made workers hostile to the new technology and machines were attacked by the workers.
• After 1840’s rise in employment opportunities due to increase in building activities, widening of roads, digging of tunnels, laying of drainage, sewer etc.

Industrialisation in the Colonies

What happned to weavers (with the coming of Europeon) trading companies
• Before establishing political control by East India Company : the weavers were in a better position as there were many buyers for their priduct so they could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer.

After stablishing Political Control by East India Company
• East India company 1760’s on wards established its monopoly over Indian trade.
• The existing traders and brokers were eliminated and direct control over the weaver was established.
• Weavers were prevented from dealing with other buyers.
• A paid servant Gomashta was appointed to supervise weavers. Reports of clashes between Gomashtas and weavers.
• The price weavers received from the company was miserably low.

The Pecularities of Industrial gwoth :
• European managing agencies, which doninated Industrial prodution were interested in producing only those goods which were required for export trade and not for sale in India. For ex. tea, coffee, Indigo,Jute, mining.
• Indian businessmen set up those Industties (in late 19th century) which would not compete with manchester goods. For ex. Yearn was not imported so early cotton mills produced yarn rather than fabric.
• First decade of 20th century pattern of Industrialisation changed.
• Swadeshi movement (1905) mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth so textile production began in India Moreover yarn export to China declined so Industrialists shifted from Yarn to cloth production. Cotten piece goods production doubled between 1900 and 1912.
• First world war gave a boost Industrial production in India. New factories were set up in India as British mills were busy with war production.

Small Scale Industries Predominate
• Even after the growth of factories, very few Industrial centres located mainly in Bengal and Bombay.
• Only a small proportion of the total Industrial labour worked in factories. 5% in 1911 and 10% in 1931. Rest worked in small workshops and household units.
• Series of inventions improved the technique of production in handloom sector and handloom cloth production expanded steadily.
One such invention was flyshutfle.
• Some specialised weaves could not be produced by mills so they were continued to be produced by weavers. For ex. Saris with woven borders, lungis and handkerchief of Madras.
• Some groups of weavers survived the competition with mill Industries better than others for example weavers weaving fives variety of clothes because demand for these goods did not fluctuate even during bad harvest years.

Timeline of Events
1600: The East India company was established
1730: The earliest factories in England were setup
1760: Britian imported New cotton to feed its cotton industry
1764: James Hargreaves, devised spinning Jenny
1767: Richard Arkwright established the cotton mill
1781: James watt improvised steam engine & patented it
1785: Cart wright invented the powerloom which used steam power for spinning & weaving
1830-1840: Dwarkanath Tagore setup 6 joint stock companies in Bengal
1840: Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of Industrialisation in Britain.
1850: Railway station developed all over London
1854: The first cotton mill was established in Bombay
1855: The first Jute Mill was set up in Bengal
1860: The supply of cotton reduced because of American Civil War
1860: Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur
1861: The first cotton mill was setup in Ahmedabad
1873: Britain exported Iron & Steel
1874: The first spinning & weaving mill & Madras began its production
1900: E.T paul music company published "Dawn of Century"
1912: J.N. Tata set up first Iron & Steel works in Jameshedpur
1917: Seth Hukumchand set up first Jute Mill in Calcutta
1941: Use of fly shuttle in more than 35 looms

Points to be Remember
1. Orient-The countries of the East especially East Asia
2. Capital-That part of money when invested is used for trade purpose.
3. Socialism- Where factors of production are held by the government.
4. Spenning Jenny-Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It accelerated production.
5. Staples: A person who 'Staples' or sorts wool according to fibre.
6. Fuller: A person who 'Fulls' that it gathers cloth by pleating.
7. Carding: The process in when fibres such as cotton or wool are prepared prior to spinning.

Source Based Questions

Reporting on the Koshtis, a commun weavers, the Census Report of Central Pro stated :
‘The Koshtis, like the weavers of the finer of cloth in other parts of India, have fallen evil times. They are unable to compete we showy goods which Machester sends in profusion, and they have of late years emin great numbers, chiefly to Berar, where a labourers they are able to obtain wages.
Census Report of Central Provinces, 1872, in Sumit Guha, ‘The handloom industry in India, 1825-1950’, the Indian Economic and History Review.

Read the above passage and answer the following questions.

Question. Who were the Koshtis ?
Answer. Koshtis were a community of weavers.

Question. Why had they fallen upon evil times ?
Answer. because of the coming of Manchester made goods in Indian Market.

Question. At last sort of work was done by them.
Answer. They were forced to work as daily wage labourer.

Question. Why were they unable to compete with manchester goods.
Answer. because Manchester goods were fine and comparatively cheaper.

 Vasant Parkar, who was once a millworker in Bombay, said : ‘The workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the mill ... The mill worker was closely associated with his village, physically and emotionally. He would go home to cut the harvest and for sowing. The Konkani would go home to cut the paddy and the Ghati, the sugarcane. It was an accepted practice for which the mills granted leave.’
Meena Menon and Neera Adarkar, One Hundred Years : One Hundred Voices, 2004.

Question. Who were Jobbers ?
Answer. Jobber was often an old and trusted worker of factory

Question. Why Would workers Pay Jobbers ?
Answer. To get jobs in factories.

Question. What was the social position of Jollers ?
Answer. Jobber was a very influertial person in society.

Question. From where did the workers come to workein Early.
Answer. Workers came from nearby villages.

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