CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Planning in Sports Notes Set B

Step 5
Allotment of byes in the fixture should be given in following order:
First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half,
Second bye will be given to first team of Upper Half,
Third bye will be given to last team of Upper Half,
Fourth bye will be given to first team of Lower Half
Same pattern will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given.
                                     OR
First bye will be given to last team of Lower Half,
Second by will be given to first team of Upper Half,
Third bye will be given to first team of Lower Half,
Fourth bye will be given to last team of Upper Half
Same pattern will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining byes have been given.

Step 6
Write the serial number (number of participants) in vertical order.
Divide into two halves as per Step 3.
Then place byes as per step 5.
Now place remaining teams through random lottery system from top to bottom or same pattern used to allot byes.
Teams having byes will not play their first-round matches.
Put Date, Time, Venue in front of the matches in fixture.

Illustration – 1
Total Number of Teams = 4
Total Number of Matches = 4-1 = 3
Total Number of Byes= since Number having power of Two, no need of bye Number of team in
Upper Half = 4/2 = 2
Number of team in Lower Half = 4/2 = 2

Round I Matches
First match between A Vs B and won by B
Second Match between C Vs D won by D
Round II match or Finals
Third match Finals between B Vs D won by B

Illustration – 2
Total Number of Teams = 8
Total Number of Matches = 8-1=7
Total Number of Byes= since Number having power of Two, no need of bye Number of team in
Upper Half = 8/2 = 4
Number of team in Lower Half = 8/2 = 4

Round I Matches
First match between A Vs B won by A
Second match between C Vs D won by C
Third match between E Vs F won by F
Fourth match between G Vs H won by G

Round II Matches
Fifth match between A Vs C won by C
Sixth match between F Vs G won by G
Round III or Finals
Seventh match Final between C Vs G won by G

Illustration – 3
Total Number of Teams = 11
Total Number of Matches = 11-1=10
Total Number of Byes= 16-11= 5

Round I Matches
First match between 2 Vs 3 won by 2
Second match between 4 Vs 5 won by 4
Third match between 8 Vs 9 won by 9

Round II Matches
Fourth match between 1 Vs 2 won by 1
Fifth match between 4 Vs 6 won by 6
Sixth match between 7 Vs 9 won by 7
Seventh match between 10 Vs 11 won by 10

Round III Matches (semi-finals)
Eighth match between 1Vs 6 won by 6 Ninth match between 7 Vs 10 won by 7

Round IV or Final
Tenth match between 6 Vs 7 won by 7

Procedure to Draw League or Round Robin Fixture
In League or Round Robin Tournament each team has to play once with all the remaining teams of the tournament.

tep 1
Determine the number of matches by applying following formula:
Number of teams = n

This means, 15 numbers of matches will be played in league tournament. If teams are 7 then 21 numbers of matches will be played in league tournament

Step 2
Here, we will study two types of methods to fix the team in league tournament namely Cyclic Method and Stair Case Method:

Cyclic Method
In Cyclic Method, one team will be fixed in position and the other will be placed in rotation to complete the cycle. In this method, two situations may arise, first if teams are even numbered, second situation if teams are odd numbered. Let’s see how to set fixtures in these two situations.

Even number of teams in tournament does not require giving of any bye to any team and to find out number of rounds, formula will be number of teams – 1.
Total number of teams= 6 Total number of rounds = 6–1 = 5

In order to draw fixture for odd number of teams one bye will be given to one team in one round and in next round another team will get a bye. Rounds in the tournament will remain the same.
Total number of teams = 7 Total number of rounds = 7

Staircase Method
In Staircase Method, one team will be fixed on the highest step, and that team will play with all the teams of the tournament and in next step down, the next team will be fixed to play with other remaining teams and so on.

Total number of Teams= 7

Details of Matches

Step 3
Determining the winner/merit in League Tournament.
In League or Round Robin Tournament winner/merit will be decided on the basis of points awarded to the teams. Example Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0. Points tally may be as follows:

Tournament organising must fame the rules in regards to tie before the start of the tournament.

Procedure to Draw Combination Fixture
These fixtures are the combination of Knockout and League Tournaments. Same steps will be followed as are followed in Knockout and League fixtures. To draw League-Knockout fixtures, the following process will be executed:

Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0
Top four teams namely 1, 5, 6 and 8 qualify for knockout rounds
Tournament committee should form rules regarding placement of teams at semifinals before the tournament. Here we placed teams as per their ranking. Other patterns are
1. first team may play with third and second may play with fourth ranked team or
2. first ranked team may play with fourth ranked team and second ranked team may play with third ranked team or
3. draw of lots may be another choice.

First semi-final match played between 1 vs 5 and won by 5
Second semi-final match played between 6 vs 8 and won by 8 
Final match played between 5vs 8 and won by 8
Third place match may be played between 1 vs 6
Team 8 winner of the League-Knockout tournament
Team 5 is runner up of the tournament.

Do You Know?
FIFA World cup is world largest event in term of viewership in the world. In Football World Cup League-Knockout combination fixtures are drawn. Starting rounds are based on League system, there are eight groups from A to H, each group consists of four teams. Every team in the group has to play with the other three teams in the group. Top two teams from each group qualify for pre-quarterfinals based on the points table and then the knockout round starts till the finals.

Intramural
The meaning of the word ‘intramural’ is “within the walls”. In context of sports, it refers to a tournament conducted within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community. Intramural competitions/tournament are conducted within players of one institution. The tournament may be an event/ game /more than one games and sports conducted in one day or more or in a month or a year, eg., Sports Day, Sports Festival, Athletics Meet, Swimming Meet, Badminton Tournament conducted among Houses, Classes, Hostels, Residents etc. of a school/institution.

Objectives of Intramural Tournaments
Intramurals are common and an integral part of educational organisation and communities, where teams are made among classes, houses or groups and competitions are conducted for eng ag ing chi ldren and youth for der iv ing v a r ious types of benef i t s to the participants. Lets understand few important objective of intramural tournaments.
1. To encourage mass participation in sports in an institution.
2. To focus on all-round development of children.
3. To develop values like fair play, respect, friendship through sports.
4. To provide first opportunity to compete in a controlled environment.
5. To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children.
6. To promote curricular integration through sports.
7. To help children to develop personality (first stage of leadership, control of emotions, corporation etc.)

Extension Activity
As the Sports Captain of your school, you are involved in the selection of students for participating in District/Region/Zone matches subsequently.
List out the criteria you will employ for selection of
(a) Individual Games/Sports
(b) Team Games/Sports

Significance of Intramural Tournaments
With all the above discussed objectives of intramural tournaments being implemented successfully, it surely brings lots of benefit to the participants. Such competitions conducted in a controlled environment with enough scope of all round development delivers enough significance to the event. Lets discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments.

Selection for extramural: Intramural Tournaments provide an opportunity to select a player or team to participate in Extramural Tournaments. Players demonstrate skill and fitness in events which becomes the base for selection of a player or team.

Group cohesion: This is an opportunity where students from different Classes or Houses come together in a team, share their experiences, display cooperation and coordination and lead the team to win the game. Students from different background, and communities come together as a group and gain self-confidence, develop social relations, tolerance in culture etc.

Professional experience: As per the interest of students and need of institution, students become a helping hand in conducting the tournament which gives them good experience of officiating, in event management etc. In future, this experience helps them in professional and personal aspects.

Health: It helps in developing healthy and active lifestyle. Children enjoy the sports events because it is another medium to display their desired skills. It helps them to stay fit and healthy.
Intramurals help in contributing to the physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being of children.

Recreation: Joy and entertainment are the outcome of Intramural physical activities. The elements of happiness and enjoyment are always there because activities are not so competitive, which makes intramural events successful.

Mass participation: Such activities are meant for all the students of the institution not only for sportspersons or players.

Extramural Tournaments
The word ‘extramural’ means “outside the boundary or walls”. In Sports Extramural Tournaments are the tournaments conducted outside or beyond the walls of the organising unit that may be a school/college/institution. Such tournaments are conducted between two or more players/teams of different schools/colleges/ institutions. For example, Zonal, Inter- District, State, National or International Tournaments.

Objectives of Extramural Tournaments
Extramural tournaments are very popular and an essential part of educational organisation, and communities, where a common team represents a school, colleges or group and promote participating or organising various inter institution competitions for engaging children and youth into various types of benefits. Lets understand few important objective of intramural tournaments.
1. To achieve high performance at highest level of the tournament.
2. To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
3. To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
4. To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports.

Significance of Extramural Tournaments
With all the above discussed objectives of extramural tournaments being implemented successfully, it surely brings lots of benefit to the participants. Participation and organisation of such inter competitions focusing to showcase talent and explore potentials among talented athletes delivers enough significance to the event. Lets discuss few essential significance of intramural tournaments.

Progression in performance: Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance through the athletes and sportspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation etc.

Psychological factors: Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress, confidence, self-esteem, emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in students.

Level of fitness: As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves, that make an individual physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels.
Socialization: Such tournaments held among different communities, regions, countries etc. increase cross cultural exchange, inter community association etc. in which individuals get a chance to know and understand different places, cultures, etc. which leads to closer ties.

Specific Sports Programmes (Sports Day, Health Run, Run for Fun Run for Specific Cause and Run for Unity)
Specific Sports Programme are programmes which are conducted for specific purposes. They may be conducted frequently depending on purpose like the Annual Sports Day of a school where the purpose is to demonstrate the skills and abilities of children. It is not necessary that such programmes be conducted frequently. eg., a company can conduct a run to promote its product, but after it has acquired publicity, the company may discontinue the run or they may continue it for a social cause like promotion of health and charity. The important point is, such specific sports programmes must be conducted by a team of professionals including personnel from physical education and sports. Chances of any mishap during the event may increase due to unprofessional or inexperienced people.

Sports Day- is one of the important programmes that feature in the annual calendar of most schools. It is an event to showcase children’s abilities and prowess on the sports field to parents.
It also reflects the organisational strength of the institution. To celebrate Sports Day at school the focus should not only be participation sports person, but the institution should aim at putting on a display of skills of all the students. Activities may be competitive in nature and highlight students’ abilities. Major focus should be maximum engagement and involvement of students, parents, teachers and other stakeholders.
In recent times, Government of India is celebrating National Sports Day on 29th August on the occasion of birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand, a hockey legend.

Do you Know?
Fit India Movement was launch on 29th August 2019 on the occasion of birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand by Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India. The purpose of the movement is to promote physical activities and sports in masses so that they stay fit and healthy and keep away from lifestyles diseases. He said “Swasth vyakti, swasth parivar aur swasth samaj, yahi naye Bharat ko shresth Bharat banane ka raasta hai.”

Health Run: Such kind of run is generally conducted for the purpose of improving the health standards in society and creating awareness about the importance of physical activities for maintaining good health or for raising charity. In this run, the purpose of the runners is not to win, but to participate in the events. To get its full impact, a large number of registrations are required. There is no age bar for participants; it is not a professional race so there is no need to run a long distance. Such a run can be conducted by NGOs or health departments to spread awareness about health-related issues.

Run for Fun: The purpose of this run is to spread message of staying fit and healthy among the masses. Sometimes such races may be conducted to raise funds for a specific purpose. In schools such races attract children and their parents. These are friendly races and may be conducted for any age. However, the physical education teacher must be careful and plan meticulously to avoid any kind of accident or mishap. Age, mobility, types of movement
involved should be taken care of. Examples of such races are lemon and spoon race, sack race, three-legged race, parent and child race, teacher and child race, banana race, road running etc.

Run for Specific Cause: This event is generally conducted to spread awareness about social issues like cleanliness, promoting green environment etc. The purpose of such events is to spread awareness among the masses for a definite cause or to generate charity. eg., the specific cause may be cancer, AIDS, gender inequality etc.

Run for Unity: In such a type of run the purpose is to promote the feeling of integrity and brotherhood in community, state, nation or among different religions. Such events help to develop bonding and a sense of togetherness among people.

Case Study

In the beginning of the annual academic planning for the school, a physical education committee meeting was held which included of the school Principal, teachers and student, alumni and parents. The agenda of discussion was to plan for comprehensive program for Physical Education and Sports for all age-groups and prepare a schedule of events along with recommendation for various sub-committees to conduct sports events. The team released the schedule of the events to be conducted in the current academic year. 
As per interest and capabilities of students and teachers, various sub-committees were recommended. The sub-committee consisting of house teachers and students provided feedback about concerns regarding draws and fixtures in intramural school tournament where the best teams competed again each other in the initial rounds itself. The students also felt that sometimes the teams were not cohesive and did not display sportsmanlike behaviour on or off the field. They felt such situations were unseemly and could be avoided through a systematic process. There was also a need to increase the coordination among the committees with more defined roles and responsibilities of each member. To provide exposure to the potential athletes and for talent development, a proposal was put forward for hosting a state-level inter-school competition at school. To this end, the committees would need human resource, technical support and financial assistance. A new feature to the annual physical education programme, was the conducting of a mass run for crowd funding and to promote integrity and peace. This could be sponsored by various NGOs and government agencies.

1. A suitable and systematic process for fixtures would be
(a) Round robin
(b) Bye to top teams
(c) Draw of lots
(d) Choice

2. Responsibility for Distribution of certificate should be the role of
(a) Logistics Committee
(b) Marketing Committee
(c) Finance Committee
(d) Technical Committee

3. The purpose for conducting a community run is for
(a) Talent identification
(b) Run for Publicity
(c) Sports training
(d) Crowd Funding

Q. What are the tips that you, as the Sports Captain, will give your teams regarding good sportsmanship?

I. Tick the correct option

Q1. National Sports Day is celebrated on
(a) 19th August
(b) 29th August
(c) 9th August
(d) 28th August

Answer : B

Q2. Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood”?
(a) Run for Fun
(b) Run for specific cause
(c) Run for Unity
(d) Health Run

Answer : C

II. Answer the following questions briefly.

Q1. Write any two types of Run.

Q2. Write the objectives of Intramural.

Q3. Write the significance of Extramural Tournaments.

III. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Q1. How would you plan for an Intramural Tournament? Highlight any two problems you may encounter. How will you deal with them?

Q2. Discuss a method you would choose to spread health awareness and harmony in your area. Support your answer with reasons.