NCERT Class 12 Sanskrit Shaswati Chapter 13 Yogasya Vaishishtayam

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NCERT Class 12 Sanskrit Shaswati Chapter 14 Katham Shabdanushasanam Kartvyam

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NCERT Class 12 Political Science The Crisis of Democratic Order

Background to EmergencyWe have already studied the changes that were taking place in Indian politics since 1967. Indira Gandhi had emerged as a towering leader with tremendous popularity. This was also the period when party competition became bitter and polarised. This period…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Rise of Popular Movements

Nature of Popular MovementsTake a look at the opening image of this chapter. What do you see there? Villagers have literally embraced the trees. Are they playing some game? Or participating in some ritual or festival? Not really. The image here depicts a very unusual form of…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Regional Aspirations

Region and The Nation1980s may be seen as a period of rising regional aspirations for autonomy, often outside the framework of the Indian Union. These movements frequently involved armed assertions by the people, their repression by the government, and a collapse of the…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Context of the 1990sYou have read in the last chapter that Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. He led the Congress to a massive victory in the Lok Sabha elections held immediately thereafter in 1984. As the decade of the eighties…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Politics of Planned Development

As the global demand for steel increases, Orissa, which has one of the largest reserves of untapped iron ore in the country, is being seen as an important investment destination. The State government hopes to cash in on this unprecedented demand for iron ore and has signed…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Indias External Relations

International context India was born in a very trying and challenging international context. The world had witnessed a devastating war and was grappling with issues of reconstruction; yet another attempt to establish an international body was underway; many new countries were …

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Era of One Party Dominance

Challenge of building democracy You now have an idea of the difficult circumstances in which independent India was born. You have read about the serious challenge of nation-building that confronted the country right in the beginning. Faced with such serious challenges, leaders…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Challenges to and Restoration of The Congress System

Challenge of Political Succession Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in May 1964. He had been unwell for more than a year. This had generated a lot of speculation about the usual question of succession: after Nehru, who? But in a newly independent country like India…

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Challenges of Nation Building

Challenges for the new nation At the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947, India attained independence. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of free India, addressed a special session of the Constituent Assembly that night. This was the famous ‘tryst with destiny’…

NCERT Class 12 New Age Graphics Design Typography

Typography is the science of using letter forms for communication. We use letter forms extensively in our daily life, in various media like newspapers, signages, application forms, letters, notebooks, textbooks, currency notes, posters, tickets, SMS, email etc.A very large…

NCERT Class 12 New Age Graphics Design Sketching and Drawing

Irrespective of one’s drawing aptitude, we all know it is an amusing and a rewarding activity. Drawing, however you know is an essential discipline in certain professions as well. In all fields of visual arts like design, architecture, media and fine arts there is this common…

NCERT Class 12 New Age Graphics Design Role Of Design In Society

The way we understand design and the role of a designer in the contemporary society is an outcome of industrial revolution which led to mechanisation of the workforce through the use of machinery. The design as a specialised field of activity has evolved over a period of time…

NCERT Class 12 New Age Graphics Design Principles Of Layout Designs

While making a design, certain things need to be taken care off, so that the design fulfils the need for effective communication besides being attractive and beautiful. While embarking on the making of the layout, one needs to understand the message and for whom it is intended…